Could a relatively small number of two-point code types account for a large proportion of MMPI protocols in a psychiatric setting? Also, could reliable behavioral and demographic correlates of these two-point code types be identified? To answer these questions, MMPI protocols of 588 hospitalized psychiatric patients were randomly divided into two subsamples. Within each, the profiles were classified according to 19 frequently occurring two-point code types (identified in a pilot study), permitting classification of 84% of the 588 profiles. For each subsample, each code type was compared with the remaining Ss on 68 behavioral and demographic variables. Although 300 or more significant differences were found for the comparisons in each subsample, in only 66 instances were the same differences significant in both subsamples. The relevance of these findings to MMPI interpretational practices is discussed.
IQs on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for 106 males 13 to 16 yr. and of lower class status were related to WISC IQs (assessed by student examiners) in three different ranges (80–89, 70–79, Below 70) as a function of race. Both group and individual results were consistent with previous data showing the Peabody scale generally overestimates the IQs of retarded subjects. The present results, however, also indicate that the Peabody tended to underestimate the IQs of 34 “Dull Normal” subjects. Thus, there appears to be an interaction between the Peabody, the WISC, and IQ level. Individual analysis corroborated the group analysis in that 77% of the 26 black subjects and 93% of the 15 white subjects in the range below 70 IQ obtained Peabody scores which overestimated Full Scale WISC IQs. In the “Dull Normal” IQ range the Peabody underestimated WISC performance for 89% of the 18 black subjects and 81% of the 16 white subjects. When the Wechsler mean IQ for both blacks and whites was between 60 and 83 the Peabody tended to produce a mean IQ score between 70 and 78. Thus, irrespective of the Wechsler IQ, the mean Peabody IQ showed little variability. The utility of the Peabody in estimating the Wechsler IQ of juvenile offenders is of doubtful value.
Wechsler's hypotheses for the adolescent sociopath were applied to the WISC under controlled conditions. Groups were separated according to race and sex, while IQ, socioeconomic class, and geographic location were held constant. The criterion for selection of Ss was appearance before a juvenile court. The efficiency of each of Wechsler's signs was determined. Post hoc analysis provided specific signs for each combination of race and sex in the 80-89 IQ range. The need for cross-validation of these signs was stressed. Other methodological issues that may contribute to inconclusive findings with traditional assessment procedures were discussed throughout the study. These included: (1) the need for control of the relevant variables; (2) the problem of poorly defined criteria; (3) the need for analysis of the individual as well as the group data; (4) the importance of a holistic approach; (5) the problem with matching; and (6) the problem of not having an expected distribution with which to compare the frequency of "hits" for Wechsler's indices.
For the initial evaluation of Tennessee's Law Enforcement Candidate Assessment Program, groups of metropolitan and non-metropolitan candidates for police certification were studied and compared with respect to their scores on the MMPI, Kuder Preference Record-Vocational, Form CH, and Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test-Form J. The mean profiles for each group individually, as well as the profiles for the groups combined, were calculated. The results showed that the non-metropolitan applicants were older and had lower IQ scores than the metropolitan group. Both groups approached the MMPI in a “faking good” manner. These profiles, nevertheless, were relatively flat and hovered around the mean. In terms of interests both groups showed peaks in the social service area with the metropolitan sample scoring somewhat higher than the non-metropolitan group, who also showed a strong interest in outdoor activities. Their other interests appeared to be approximately equal. Although caution is suggested in interpreting the results, the data indicated that, if psychopathology is present in police officers, it will most commonly be manifest as a character disorder as described by the 4-9 or 4-3 MMPI profile code type.
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