RESUMO A cobrança pelo uso da água como instrumento econômico de gestão deve orientar os usuários quanto ao valor do recurso hídrico e incentivar o combate ao uso perdulário. Metodologias recentes inserem mecanismos relacionados às boas práticas no uso da água, mensurado no saneamento por meio do indicador de perdas percentuais na distribuição. Contudo, desprezam-se as perdas ocorridas nas etapas anteriores, bem como a essencialidade do serviço para a sociedade. Usando variáveis que abarcam todo o sistema de abastecimento desde a captação, este trabalho propôs uma metodologia de cobrança que amplia e penaliza as perdas reais, ao mesmo tempo em que permite descontos decorrentes da retirada para atendimento às necessidades mais fundamentais da população. Revela-se como resultado uma equação simples e transparente, com homogeneidade nas parcelas precificadas, que pode ter a punição e os privilégios ajustados às especificidades da bacia em que seja aplicada.
Charging for freshwater use raises debate on water suppliers' financial sustainability and, social and operational sector efficiency problems. The issue stands out when suppliers' income flows are insufficient to cover production costs or household revenues are low, making it difficult for tariffs to increase. Moreover, it is even worse with the combination of these factors in watersheds with water scarcity. The present work analyzes the freshwater use charging from the perspective of cost increment destination in the sanitation sector. We compared a scenario of cost absorption with the possibility of transfer to final consumers in the first block tariff, fixed by volume ( #2a), and the second block tariff charged by additional m3 consumed (#2b). Results show that scenario #1 reduces resource availability for investments, compromising infrastructure maintenance and service expansion. Alternatively, as a natural monopoly sector, the pass-through to consumers is the most likely. Both #2a and #2b scenarios nullify the encouragement of rational use and operational efficiency, add risk to environmental sustainability, and compromise basin committee plans. However, in the #2b scenario, the possibility of minor water consumption by households, changing for the first block tariff, brings back the #1 scenario possibilities. Scenario #2a, as a plausible choice, demands an accurate discussion of governance in freshwater charging.
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