Our study demonstrates that high vitamin D levels in pregnancy and at birth may contribute to a higher risk for food allergy and therefore argues against vitamin D supplement to protect against allergy.

These results indicate that both genetic and environmental factors presumably influence the development of foetal Tregs. Low cord blood Treg numbers may predict early atopic dermatitis.

Computational prediction of HLA class II restricted T cell epitopes has great significance in many immunological studies including vaccine discovery. In recent years, prediction of HLA class II binding has improved significantly but a strategy to globally predict the most dominant epitopes has not been rigorously defined. Using human immunogenicity data associated with sets of 15-mer peptides overlapping by 10 residues spanning over 30 different allergens and bacterial antigens, and HLA class II binding prediction tools from the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB), we optimized a strategy to predict the top epitopes recognized by human populations. The most effective strategy was to select peptides based on predicted median binding percentiles for a set of seven DRB1 and DRB3/4/5 alleles. These results were validated with predictions on a blind set of 15 new allergens and bacterial antigens. We found that the top 21% predicted peptides (based on the predicted binding to seven DRB1 and DRB3/4/5 alleles) were required to capture 50% of the immune response. This corresponded to an IEDB consensus percentile rank of 20.0, which could be used as a universal prediction threshold. Utilizing actual binding data (as opposed to predicted binding data) did not appreciably change the efficacy of global predictions, suggesting that the imperfect predictive capacity is not due to poor algorithm performance, but intrinsic limitations of HLA class II epitope prediction schema based on HLA binding in genetically diverse human populations.

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