Background-Reinfusion of unprocessed cardiotomy blood during cardiac surgery can introduce particulate material into the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit, which may contribute to postoperative cognitive dysfunction. On the other hand, processing of this blood by centrifugation and filtration removes coagulation factors and may potentially contribute to coagulopathy. We sought to evaluate the effects of cardiotomy blood processing on blood product use and neurocognitive functioning after cardiac surgery. Methods and Results-Patients undergoing coronary and/or aortic valve surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized to receive unprocessed blood (control, nϭ134) or cardiotomy blood that had been processed by centrifugal washing and lipid filtration (treatment, nϭ132). Patients and treating physicians were blinded to treatment assignment. A strict transfusion protocol was followed. Blood transfusion data were analyzed using Poisson regression models. The treatment group received more intraoperative red blood cell transfusions (0.23Ϯ0.69 U versus 0.08Ϯ0.34 U, Pϭ0.004).Both red blood cell and nonred blood cell blood product use was greater in the treatment group and postoperative bleeding was greater in the treatment group. Patients were monitored intraoperatively by transcranial Doppler and they underwent neuropsychometric testing before surgery and at 5 days and 3 months after surgery. There was no difference in the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the 2 groups (relative risk: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.57 at 5 days postoperatively; relative risk: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.58 to 1.90 at 3 months). There was no difference in the quality of life nor was there a difference in the number of emboli detected in the 2 groups. Conclusions-Contrary

Background-Neuropsychological deficits occur in 30% to 80% of patients undergoing heart surgery and are due in part to ischemic cerebral injury during cardiopulmonary bypass. We tested whether mild hypothermia, the most efficacious neuroprotective strategy found in laboratory studies, improved cognitive outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Methods and Results-Patients 60 years or older scheduled for coronary artery surgery were enrolled. During cardiopulmonary bypass, patients were initially cooled to 32°C then randomly assigned to rewarming to 37°C (control) or 34°C (hypothermic), with no further intraoperative warming. Testing was scheduled preoperatively and 1 week and 3 months postoperatively. Eleven tests were combined into 3 cognitive domains: memory, attention, and psychomotor speed and dexterity. A patient was classified as having a cognitive deficit if a decrease of Ն0.50 SD was realized in 1 or more domains. The incidence of cognitive deficits 1 week after surgery, which was the primary outcome, was 62% (62/100) in the control group and 48% (45/94) in the hypothermic group (relative risk 0.77, Pϭ0.048). In the hypothermic group, the magnitude of deterioration in attention and in speed and dexterity was reduced by 55.6% (Pϭ0.038) and 41.3% (Pϭ0.042), respectively. At 3 months, the hypothermic group still performed better on one test of speed and dexterity (grooved pegboard). There was no difference in morbidity or mortality. Conclusions-Our findings support a neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery and should encourage physicians and perfusionists to pay careful attention to brain temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass.

IN BRIEF Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN) has a large negative impact on patients’ physical and mental functioning, and pharmacological therapies rarely provide more than partial relief. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a group psychosocial intervention that was developed for patients with chronic illness who were not responding to existing medical treatments. This study tested the effects of community-based MBSR courses for patients with PDPN. Among patients whose PDPN pharmacotherapy had been optimized in a chronic pain clinic, those randomly assigned to treatment with MBSR experienced improved function, better health-related quality of life, and reduced pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and depression compared to those receiving usual care.

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Background-Postoperative cognitive deficits (POCDs) are a source of morbidity and occur frequently even in low-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery.