Bei der Fettraffination fallen als zu behandelnde ProzeDabw%ser die kondensierten Briiden aus der Dampfung und das Sauenvasser aus der Seifenspaltung an. Die gestiegenen Anforderungen und die verschiirfte Rechtsprechung auf dem Gebiet des Umweltschutzes fiihrten zu der Entscheidung des Verbandes Deutscher Oelmtihlen e. V., ein Verfahren zur Reinigung des Sauenvassers entwickeln zu lauen. Der Abwasserteilstrom Sauerwasser ist durch hohe Gehalte an oxidierbaren Stoffen, Fetten, Fettsliuren und Sulfaten sowie niedrige pH-Werte gekennzeichnet. Die Qualitiit des Abwassers unterliegt in Abhlingigkeit von den verarbeiteten Olsorten starken Schwankungen. Das entwickelte zweistufige Verfahren besteht aus einem diskontinuierlich betriebenen, hochbelasteten Belebungsverfahren und einem tiberstauten Festbettreaktor. Es ist den besonderen Anforderungen angepaDt wobei insbesondere mit dem diskontinuierlichen Belebungsverfahren wechselnden Belastungen begegnet werden kann. Das Verfahren wurde im Labor auf seine Anwendbarkeit gepriift. Es bewies im weiteren durch halbtechnische Pilotversuche bei verschiedenen Fettraffinerien seine gute Eignung und Anpassungsfiihigkeit mit hohen Reinigungsleistungen bei verschiedensten Bedingungen.
With continuing evolution of imaging techniques from medical applications and materials science, non-destructive imaging experiments have also become an important method to investigate soil specimens. Amongst other methods, computed tomography (CT) has developed to a tool to visualise and better understand the microstructure of different soils based on 3D image data. Furthermore, the acquisition of a temporal series of CT images allows to study processes in soils on the microscale, e. g., during mechanical loading. In order to study the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated granular soils, we combine different custom-built miniaturised experimental set-ups with geomechanics background with computed tomography, yielding so-called in situ CT experiments. By means of image reconstruction and further image analysis based on segmented CT images acquired during different hydraulic and mechanical experiments, we study the drainage and imbibition process as well as the shear process of unsaturated sand and glass bead specimens on the pore or grain scale. The analysis of data on the microscopic level, including the phase distribution, interfacial areas, contact lines as well as radii of curvature of capillary menisci, allows to obtain insights into the macroscopic water retention behaviour and shear behaviour of granular soils.
In this conference contribution, we present and discuss the results for capillary cohesion of different granular materials determined through different approaches. First, we consider macroscopic uniaxial compression tests with varying degrees of saturation. Second, we derive theoretical capillary cohesion from the water retention curve (WRC) measured in macroscopic water retention experiments. Finally, capillary cohesion is calculated from air-water interfacial areas and solid-water interfacial areas extracted from CT images acquired during a cyclic water retention experiment. An attempt is made to link the macroscopic results of capillary cohesion based on microscopic insights from CT imaging experiments.
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