Real estate development and the construction of commercial and residential buildings largely determine the future spatial distribution of job and residential locations, thereby giving public planners an instrument with which they can steer urbanization. This paper measures whether the real estate development and urban management planning process, in terms of construction permits, enables a relationship between commercial and residential real estate developments and thus between future job and residential locations. We use data on construction permits for the Netherlands over 1990-2012. Our conclusion is that the real estate development and urban planning process, in terms of construction permits, allows a complementary effect between commercial and residential real estate developments. A one per cent increase in commercial real estate development permits leads to a 0.35 per cent increase in residential real estate development permits. Finally, the data reveal differences across regions suggesting that different local factors are at work.

Agglomerations of economic activity result in higher rents for users. However, these benefits do not necessarily carry over to real estate investors because higher rents might also come with higher investment amounts and risks. We address this by testing whether the effects of agglomeration economies, as observed in office rents, carry over to capitalization rates as a theoretically more refined measurement of productivity externalities. Using transaction-based data for the period 1996-2011 in the Netherlands, we show that agglomeration economies result in capitalization rates that are 4.6 percent, or 40 basis points, lower. Keywords capitalization rates • agglomeration economies • commercial real estate • office market

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