<div><p class="Els-history-head">Fundamentally, tracer projectile material based on pyrotechnic composition, and where the pyrotechnic was generally composed of fuel, oxidizer, and binder. The tin (Sn) material is one of the candidates for fuel material because tin has a low melting point, so this composition can ignite at low temperature, while the copper oxide (CuO) can emit the orange-red spectrum. This study aims to evaluate the thermal and spectrum character of Sn-CuO-AG-based composition. The characterization data of these samples was evaluated by tests of morphology and phase, enthalpy change, calorie energy, and spectrum emission. Based on this data, the 17Sn-68CuO-15AG sample was emitted a strong red color too, but this sample has a high or the longest exothermic process. Furthermore, the 27Sn-58CuO-15AG sample has emitted a weak red color with medium exothermic energy. Generally, the 22Sn-63CuO-15AG is more suitable than the two other compositions for the tracer projectile composition of ammunition, this material emits a strong red spectrum and low-calorie energy.</p></div>

The development of body armour technology must be balanced with the development of ammunition technology. One of the technologies that can be undertaken to improve the performance of ammunition is to use material which is high density and high hardness in the core of the projectile, such as tungsten carbide-cobalt material (WC-8Co). This research will analyse regarding the effects of material substitution from the Pindad's standard steel core projectile to WC-8Co core projectile on the performance of 5.56 × 45 calibre ammunition on ceramic material target, alumina (Al2O3). This study used experimental method by performing ballistic tests. The results showed that for Al2O3 material target, projectile of WC-8Co core produced (a) 1.2 times a depth of penetration greater than Pindad's standard steel core projectile, (b) 2.1 times diameter of the crater bigger than Pindad's standard steel core projectile, and (c) 1.1 times damage deeper than Pindad's standard steel core projectile. These results showed that for Al2O3 material target, the performance of projectile penetration using WC-8Co core was better than the performance of projectile penetration using the Pindad's standard steel core.

Drone/ pesawat tanpa awak merupakan salah satu teknologi di bidang pertahanan yang termasuk di dalam program strategis pemerintah Indonesia. Di era teknologi Informasi  dan society 5.0, penggunaan teknologi tinggi sangat diperlukan dalam mengatasi berbagai permasalahan khususnya Indonesia yang memiliki wilayah luas. Drone dapat menjadi platform multifungsi yang dapat berperan dalam Operasi Militer Perang (OMP) maupun Operasi Militer Selain Perang (OMSP). Penggunaan drone di militer umumnya digunakan sebagai bagian dari “Over The Horizon Operations”, dimana semua perangkat yang terkait operasi seperti kendaraan tempur, persenjataan, serta alat komunikasi personil menjadi satu kesatuan dalam “Battle Management System”. Penggunaan teknologi Drone akan dapat mengurangi resiko dari pilot maupun efisiensi biaya dari operasionalnya. Dengan fleksibilitas peran yang ditunjukkan oleh kehadiran drone dapat menjadi solusi dari berbagai permasalahan terkait kebutuhan dari pengguna itu sendiri seperti illegal fishing, imigran gelap, pembajakan, banjir, kebakaran hutan, terorisme, maupun infiltrasi militer negara lain.

The behaviour of exposed and copper-jacketed 12.7 mm En8 steel cores impacting against 5 and 9 mm Armox Advance plates was investigated to determine the significance of the jacket during the penetration. The target plates were accelerated into stationary projectiles (a reversed-ballistic configuration) and the impact was monitored using a multi-channel flash X-ray system to gain insight into the interaction of the core target. Numerical simulations were also carried out to compare result with the experimental testing. Explicit numerical software LSDYNA was used to model the behaviour of the target and the projectile during the impact collision. Fragments of the core and target plate were collected post-shot for analysis. A similar penetration behaviour was observed for both plates, although the post-shot core was shorter after impacting against the 9 mm plate, consistent with enhanced erosion behaviour. The copper jacket protected the core, resulting in greater surface defeat and dwell compared to the unjacketed core. Numerical studies agreed on the cases of projectile impacting the 5 mm and 9 mm target. However, the target fracture cannot be captured. This could be caused by the input of material data and strain rate parameter modelling in LS-DYNA was limited, while the impact phenomenon was high velocity impact that the material exhibits a high-strain rate effect. Overall, the ductile jacket appeared to serve two functions: (1) absorbing reflected energy during impact, hence cushioning the impact and thereby preserving the core, and (2) constraining or confining the core. In this study, the steel core design and copper jacket has a more complex geometry compared to the simplified steel core designs often applied in several earlier ballistic studies.The captured flash X-rays revealed significantly less erosion in the jacketed cores, agreeing with the post-impact core length measurements.

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