Doxorubicin is a widely used and promising anticancer drug; however, a severe dose-dependent cardiotoxicity hampers its therapeutic value. Doxorubicin may cause acute and chronic issues, depending on the duration of toxicity. In clinical practice, the accumulative toxic dose is up to 400 mg/m2 and increasing the dose will increase the probability of cardiac toxicity. Several molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity have been proposed, including oxidative stress, topoisomerase beta II inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation, intracellular iron accumulation, ensuing cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), autophagy, and myofibrillar disarray and loss. Natural products including flavonoids have been widely studied both in cell, animal, and human models which proves that flavonoids alleviate cardiac toxicity caused by doxorubicin. This review comprehensively summarizes cardioprotective activity flavonoids including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, apigenin, naringenin, and hesperidin against doxorubicin, both in in vitro and in vivo models.

Vernonia amygdalina Delile ( Asteraceae ) is used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus, and some research provides its activity to treat breast cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the anticancer activity of Vernonia amygdalina Delile leaves fractions on 4T1 breast cancer cells. Analysis of phytochemical compounds were carried out with LC-MS/MS. Cytotoxic activity was determined using the MTT method in the 4T1 cell line. Apoptosis, the cell cycle, and PI3K and mTOR profiles were analyzed with flow cytometry. The phytochemicals found were diterpene (ingenol-3-angelate) and some phenolics (chlorogenic acid and 4-methoxycinnamic acid), flavonoids (apigetrin, apigenin, luteolin, diosmetin, baicalin, rhoifolin, and scutellarin), and coumarines (7-hydroxycoumarine, 4-methylumbelliferone, and 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide). The results of the MTT assay showed that the IC 50 values n -hexane fraction, ethylacetate fraction (EAF), and ethanol fractions were 1,860.54 ± 93.11, 25.04 ± 0.36, and 1,940.84 ± 96.37 μg/mL, respectively. EAF induced early and late apoptosis, inhibited cell cycle progression on the G 2 /M phase, and inhibited PI3K and mTOR expression. The EAF of Vernonia amygdalina Delile leaves showed anticancer activity on 4T1 breast cancer cells through induction of apoptosis, enhanced cell accumulation on G 2 /M phases in the cell cycle, and inhibited expression of PI3K and mTOR.

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) heartwood. was extracted by maceration. Ethanol extract was fractionated with liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane, chloroform at pH 3, 7, 9 and 11 to obtained alkaloid fractions. Isolation of alkaloid compounds were isolated with preparative thin layer chromatography. Antioxidant activity for fractions and isolates were determined with DPPH and ABTS assay. The highest IC 50 were given by chloroform fractions at pH 7 and compound III. They IC 50 were 23.81 ± 0.01; 3.12 ± 0.02 µg/mL for DPPH assay and 56.43 ± 0.06; 8.62 ± 0.02 µg/mL for ABTS assay. Compound III was showed maximum absorbance at (302.8; 280.8; 206 nm) and wave number (3286.70; 3109.25; 2939.52; 2835.36; 1589.34; 1462.04; 1365.60; 1246.02; 1018.41; 879.54 cm -1 ) which indicate its an alkaloid compound with hydroxyl, methyl, methylene and methoxy group. The results reveal that alkaloid fractions and compounds of Litsea cubeba heartwood has very strong antioxidant potential.

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AIM: Free radicals produce from metabolism or enviromental which interact continously with biological system. Picria fel-terrae Lour. herbs have been used as antioxidant and treat various diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate cytoprotective activity of ethylacetate fraction (EAF) of Picria fel-terrae Lour. herbs. METHODS: Cytoprotective activity were determined by MTT asay and flow cytometry assay on Vero cells which induced with H2O2 0.8 mM. RESULTS: EAF at 100 µg/mL were showed highest viability (88.83 ± 2.90%) and ROS expression (66.75%) on Vero cells. CONCLUSION: EAF of Picria fel-terrae Lour. herbs have cytoprotective activity.