No abstract

The concept of sustainable development (SD) was introduced in the “Our Common Future” report, launched in 1987, which influenced the emergence of many studies related to the role played by organizations as actors supporting SD. SD is a consolidated concept; however, since 1987, many political, social, and natural events have occurred on our planet, which have impacted companies’ behaviors. However, the diversity of research from different fields has provoked, among the academic community, a lack of clarity surrounding “sustainability” (S), “corporate sustainability” (CS) and “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) concepts. This lack of clarity can also be identified in companies, which have referred to “sustainability” only in the environmental field. Recently, increased discussions related to corporate sustainability metrics have shed light on the ESG criteria (environmental, social, and governance), increasing misperceptions associated with the concept. Ambiguous definitions and constructs may prevent managers from identifying sustainability goals for their companies. Therefore, literature reviews as a research method are more relevant than ever. Thus, in this work, we aim to answer the following question: How should we integrate different perspectives on corporate sustainability, in order to broaden the understanding of the concept? In this study, we conducted a focused bibliographic review and revisited the papers that most influenced the construction of the concepts. The information in this paper is helpful to improve the understanding of CS; to provide specific insights into the studies that have investigated this field; to help managers and entrepreneurs who are improving CS actions in their companies; and to support academia by putting together a large amount of information about this theme in one paper.

O presente estudo analisa os principais vetores de evolução do regime económico das cooperativas, após a reforma do Código Cooperativo português. De modo a assegurar a sustentabilidade da cooperativa, fornecendo-lhe mecanismos adequados para ser eficiente no mercado, a reforma introduziu a figura dos membros investidores, reduziu o capital social mínimo, alargou o elenco dos limites estatutários ao exercício do direito ao reembolso, fortaleceu a função de garantia do capital social e da reserva legal. Na modernização do regime económico, o legislador não abdicou da preservação da identidade cooperativa, continuando a reconhecer a variabilidade do capital social, a irrepartibilidade das reservas obrigatórias e das reservas constituídas com resultados provenientes de operações com terceiros, e as especificidades da reserva de educação e formação cooperativas. No entanto, a abordagem legal da problemática da determinação e distribuição de resultados revelou-se insuficiente.

The Portuguese Cooperative Code allows cooperatives to set up commercial companies, subsidiaries, and acquire shares in the capital of commercial companies, provided this does not affect the autonomy of the cooperative. If through these group strategies, the cooperative aims to meet the needs of its members, we will be facing on the concept of ‘indirect mutuality’, a concept expressly admitted by the doctrine and the rules of certain jurisdictions. In these cases, the Social Economy Satellite Account should consider these commercial companies owned or participated by cooperatives as entities of the social economy. Therefore, a case-by-case analysis will be carried out to distinguish situations of indirect mutuality from situations of companization of the cooperative phenomenon.