Background. Population aged 60 years old and above are growing in number; a fact that will have an impact on general and oral health in the future. Oral health is often overlooked in the management of geriatric patients but it is vital to have a knowledged-based practice in order to increase the quality of life of elderly patients. Objective. The purpose of this study is to determine the number and types of oral mucosal lesions in geriatric patients who come to the Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital. Methods. This is an observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Intraoral soft tissue examination was performed on geriatric patients coming to the hospital between March and December 2018. Results. One hundred twenty-four (124) new geriatric patients came to the hospital. A total of 152 oral lesions from 63 geriatric patients (50.81%) were identified. Overall, coated tongue (55.56%) was the most frequently detected lesion, followed by linea alba buccalis (31.74%) and lingual varicosities (26.98%). Conclusion. Coated tongue or white tongue is the most frequently detected oral mucosal lesion, often caused by poor oral hygiene. The dentist should be able to recognize and differentiate them from the worrisome lesions and decide on the appropriate treatment in geriatric patients.

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease that delayed traumatic ulcer healing process. Citrus limon contains fumaric acid, d-limonene and citral that can accelerate the healing of traumatic ulcer. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of 0.78% Citrus limon essential oil topical application can increase Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) and Fibronectin expression. This study was true experimental analytic study with random sampling methods. The study was conducted on 30 male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) induced with DM by injecting 50 mg/kg of Streptozotocin, intraperitoneally, and a traumatic ulcer on their lower lip mucosa. These were divided into six groups; three each for control and treatment groups. Each control and treatment group consisted of five rats. The control groups treated with CMC 5% gel and treatment groups were administered with Citrus limon peel essential oil gel. The expression of FGF-2 and Fibronectin was observed on Days 5, 7 and 9. Furthermore, mice sacrificed and the lower lip labial mucosa tissue of mice has been taken to make the Histopathology Anatomy preparation by means of immunohistochemical examination with monoclonal antibodies anti-FGF2 and anti-Fibronectin. ANOVA analysis was performed to analyze the difference between group (p<0.05). The increased FGF-2 and Fibronectin expression in the treatment group as compared to that of the control group. There were significant differences (p<0.05) of both FGF2 and Fibronectin expression between the two groups. The citrus limon peel essential oil gel increased the FGF-2 and Fibronectin expression during the healing process of traumatic ulcers on the oral mucosa of diabetes afflicted Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus).

The effects of distilled liquid smoke coconut shell (DLS-CS) on the macrophages and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and cytokine profiles, that is, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were analyzed in oral ulcer tissues affected by diabetes mellitus. Wistar rats were injected with alloxan to create diabetes mellitus, and an oral ulcer was made in the inferior labial fornix mucosa. The rats were treated with DLS-CS 20 µl/20 g body weight, topically, once a day for 3, 5, and 7 days. The Nrf2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β profiles were analyzed with immunohistochemistry staining and the macrophage count with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The Nrf2 profile was increased after 5 days of treatment and the IL-1β profile was consistently decreased (p < 0.05). The IL-6 profile started to decrease after 5 days, while the macrophages increased after 3 and 5 days. No significant difference was found in TNF-α expression. DLS-CS proved effective in decreasing IL-6 and IL-1β profiles as well as increasing Nrf2 and macrophage migration in oral ulcers with diabetes mellitus.