JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. ABSTRACT: We describe Kudoa ovivora n. sp. from ovaries of bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum, and record its presence in 6 species (Labroidei) collected in the San Bias Islands, Panama. Kudoa ovivora spores are quadrate with rounded edges in apical view, oval-shaped with apical valve extensions in side view (mean spore dimensions: length 6.5 jim, width 7.7 pLm, thickness 6.9 pm; mean polar capsule dimensions: length 2.1 tm, width 1.5 fLm). This is the first Kudoa species from gonads of fishes. Prevalence of infection varied among labrids (Thalassoma bifasciatum, Halichoeres bivittatus, Halichoeres garnoti, Halichoeres poeyi), with T. bifasciatum exhibiting the greatest prevalence. Density of infection, measured as percent infected eggs, also varied among species with highest densities occurring in H. garnoti. Kudoa ovivora may not require an intermediate host because fishes fed infected tissue developed more infections than unfed fish. Infected eggs are inviable and larger and heavier than uninfected eggs. Infected eggs contain more organic and inorganic material, indicating that K. ovivora increases resource allocation to eggs. Therefore, infected females may have reduced growth, fecundity, and/or spawning activity. Because males were uninfected and all identified hosts are protogynous sequential hermaphrodites, further studies of K. ovivora may provide new insights on the costs/benefits of sex change. for direct transmission in myxosporeans has been claimed for species in the genera Myxobolus and Sphaerospora (see Kent et al., 1994) and recently documented for Myxidium from a strictly marine fish host (Diamant, 1997). To date, there is no information on mode of transmission in the myxosporean genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947, to which the species described here belongs. Species of the class MyxosporeaThere are 45 described species of myxosporeans in the genus Kudoa and an additional 4 identified but undescribed species (see Appendix). Whereas there are several species in other myxosporean genera that infect the gonads of marine and freshwater fishes (e.g., Walliker, 1969; Paperna, 1973; Sitja-Bobadilla and Alvarez-Pellitero, 1990; Torres et al., 1994), this is the first record of a Kudoa species infecting reproductive tissue.While studying egg viability in Caribbean coral reef fishes, we observed and collected conspicuously colored white eggs from several free-spawning labrids that produce pelagic eggs (Thalassoma bifasciatum Bloch, 1791, Halichoeres bivittatus Bloch, 1791, Halichoeres garnoti Valenciennes, 1839, and Halichoeres poeyi Steindachner, 1867). Upon examination, we determined that the eggs were infected with an unknown species of Kudoa. Here, we describe a new myxos...

The caddisfly genus Tolhauca Schmid 1964 (Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae) is diagnosed and discussed in the context of other protoptiline genera, and a review of its taxonomic history is provided. A new species, Tolhuaca brasiliensis, from southeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated, and the type species, Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid 1964, from Chile, is redescribed and illustrated. Additionally, females of the genus are described and illustrated for the first time. Characters of the female genitalia, wing venation, and thorax suggest that Tolhuaca is more primitive than any other protoptiline genus and probably deserves a basal placement within the subfamily. The genus shows a broadly disjunct distribution perhaps reflecting an ancient southern Gondwana pattern.

Protoptilinae Ross, 1956, is the most diverse subfamily belonging to the saddle- or tortoise-case-making caddisfly family Glossosomatidae Wallengren, 1891. The subfamily has a disjunct distribution: 5 genera are known from the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions; the remaining 13 are restricted to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Monophyly of Protoptilinae and each of 17 genera was tested using 80 taxa, 99 morphological characters, and mitochondrial DNA (COI). Additionally, homologies of morphological characters were assessed across genera and a standardized terminology for those structures was established. Mitochondrial DNA data were unavailable for 55 of the 80 taxa included in this study. To test the effects of the missing molecular data, 5 different datasets were analyzed using both parsimony and Bayesian methods. There was incongruence between the COI and morphological data, but results suggest the inclusion of COI data in a combined analysis, although incomplete, improved the overall phylogenetic signal. Bayesian and parsimony analyses of all 5 datasets strongly supported the monophyly of Protoptilinae. Monophyly of the following genera was also supported: Canoptila Mosely, 1939; Culoptila Mosely, 1954; Itauara Müller, 1888; Mastigoptila Flint, 1967; Mortoniella Ulmer, 1906; Protoptila Banks, 1904; and Tolhuaca Schmid, 1964. Several taxonomic changes were necessary for classification to reflect phylogeny accurately. Accordingly, Matrioptila Ross, 1938; Poeciloptila Schmid, 1991; Temburongpsyche Malicky, 1992; and Nepaloptila Kimmins, 1964, are designated new junior synonyms of Padunia Martynov, 1910. Additionally, the endemic Caribbean genera Campsiophora Flint, 1964, and Cubanoptila Sykora, 1973, are designated new junior synonyms of Cariboptila Flint, 1964. Diagnoses and a key to the subfamilies of Glossosomatidae and world genera of Protoptilinae incorporating these taxonomic changes are provided.

Systematics, or taxonomy, is the study of the diversity of life on Earth. Its goals are to discover and describe new biological diversity and to understand its evolutionary and biogeographic origins and relationships. Here we review the contributions to the field of systematics and taxonomy published over the last 25 y in J-NABS and its predecessor Freshwater Invertebrate Biology (FIB). We examined a total of 64 studies that we considered to be largely taxonomic in nature. We classified these studies into 2 major categories: morphological (e.g., descriptive taxonomy, taxonomic revisions) and molecular (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] barcoding, population genetics). We examined studies in 5-y increments for J-NABS. We also studied the period 1982 to 1985, during which FIB was published. On average, 12 taxonomic studies were published within each 5-y period. Molecular studies first appeared in 1986 and have slowly increased, reaching their greatest number within the last 5 y. Studies also were classified by their individual attributes. Morphological studies were, by far, the most common, but studies also included molecular data, biological information, distributional data, keys, and biogeographical analyses. Most studies included .1 of these attributes. Overall, the role of J-NABS in the development of benthic taxonomy has been minimal in terms of number of publications, but as part of the nexus of taxomonic literature, all contributions have been important to the discipline. We discuss these contributions and their impact on the following subject areas: taxonomy and revisionary systematics, phylogenetic and molecular systematics, taxonomic resources, taxonomic resolution, conservation and taxonomy, professional training, taxonomic certification, and graduate education. We also give an overview of new developments in the taxonomists' toolbox. These developments include DNA barcoding, online taxonomic resources, digital identification keys, cybertaxonomy, and modern museum collections and resources.