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The present study assessed the status of farm level agricultural sustainability for rainfed and irrigated farmers in Raichur and Yadgir districts of North Eastern Karnataka by constructing Farmers Sustainability Index (FSI) encompassing four component indicators of farm level sustainability viz., Economically sustainable farming practices, Environmentally sustainable farming practices, Sustainable crop production practices and Socio economic factors. The primary data on 33 variables was collected from the 240 farmers which comprised 120 irrigated and 120 rainfed farmers. The results of the study showed that in both the districts majority of the rainfed farmers 45 per cent in Raichur and 55 per cent in Yadgir were sustainable compared to irrigated farmers where 70 per cent in Yadigr district and about 53 per cent in Raichur district comes under unsustainable category. In irrigated area the actual mean score of the three components of farm level agricultural sustainability were above the expected mean score except for the component environmentally sustainable farming practices (0.49 in Raichur district and 0.44 in Yadgir district ) which was lower than the expected mean score (0.60). However, in rainfed area the actual mean scores of all the components were above the expected average score, as majority of rainfed farmers fallowed economically and environmentally sustainable farming practices such as crop rotation, crop diversification, mixed and intercropping, application of farm yard manures, agronomic method of plant protection and cultural method of weed management. There is a need to promote the sustainable farming practices such as judicial use of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, adaption of efficient water use techniques and Integrated Pest Management techniques, use of organic manures and diversification of farm activities in the irrigated areas of both the districts. In addition, educating the farmers about agricultural sustainability and resource conservation will improve the agricultural sustainability of farmers at farm level in North Eastern Karnataka region.

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The present study has attempted a detailed analysis of papaya fruit by studying its value chain map, establishment cost, cost and returns were important researchable issue for the said crop in kalaburagi district in Karnataka State. The findings reveal that, in value chain, farmers, pre-contactors, distributors, wholesalers and retailers will perform muti-task function in the system. Each of these stakeholders appends value during the movement of produce from one person to other in the consumption pattern system. The findings related to cost and returns, the year-wise analysis indicated that in the first year, the total cost for establishment was found to be Rs. 85225 in Papaya plantation followed by second year Rs.65432. The average of two years will be to the tune of Rs.65432 per acre. The per acre establishment cost accounted to Rs. 85225 of which the material cost constituted 78.37 percent to the total cost of establishment followed by human labour (19.64 per cent).  The per acre cost of cultivation of Papaya was worked out to be Rs.65432, out of which the total variable cost share was Rs.45643 (69.75 percent) and total fixed cost was found to be Rs.19789 (30.25 per cent) to the total cost. total average cost for two years incurred in cultivation was found to be Rs.105328 and farmers obtain average net income of Rs.218247 per acre and the findings also revealed that the farmers the return on per rupee invested at total cost amounted to Rs.2.26 and 1.90 during first and second year respectively.