Rituals are found in all types of performance domains, from high-stakes athletics and military to the daily morning preparations of the working family. Yet despite their ubiquity and widespread importance for humans, we know very little of ritual’s causal basis and how (if at all) they facilitate goal-directed performance. Here, in a fully pre-registered pre/post experimental design, we examine a candidate proximal mechanism, the error-related negativity (ERN), in testing the prediction that ritual modulates neural performance-monitoring. Participants completed an arbitrary ritual—novel actions repeated at home over one week—followed by an executive function task in the lab during electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. Results revealed that relative to pre rounds, participants showed a reduced ERN in the post rounds, after completing the ritual in the lab. Despite a muted ERN, there was no evidence that the reduction in neural monitoring led to performance deficit (nor a performance improvement). Generally, the findings are consistent with the longstanding view that ritual buffers against uncertainty and anxiety. Our results indicate that ritual guides goal-directed performance by regulating the brain’s response to personal failure.
Many sports teams engage in collective rituals (e.g., the New Zealand All Blacks' haka). While the concept has been studied extensively in other fields (e.g., social psychology and cultural anthropology), literature on collective rituals specific to sport is limited. Leveraging theoretical positions and empirical findings from across the human and social sciences, the application of an existing definition of collective ritual in team sports is explored. Complementary research is suggestive of a potential link between collective rituals and two growing topics of interest in group dynamics, namely, team resilience and communal coping. Collective rituals can bolster team resilience by strengthening the group structure and increasing a team's social capital. They can also serve as communal coping strategies, helping to manage team stressors as they arise. However, at the extremes, collective rituals can become problematic. Over-reliance and abusive rites of passage (i.e., hazing) are considered. Potential applied implications and future research directions in sport psychology are then discussed.
Résumé --Les rituels collectifs : implications pour la résilience et le coping des équipes sportives. De nombreuses équipes sportives s'engagent dans des rituels collectifs (e.g., le haka des All Blacks). Bien que ce concept ait été étudié plus largement dans d'autres champs que la psychologie du sport (e.g., la psychologie sociale, l'anthropologie culturelle), la littérature sur les rituels collectifs spécifiques au contexte sportif est limitée. L'application d'une définition existante des rituels collectifs dans les sports d'équipe est ici explorée au travers d'une recension des cadres théoriques et des résultats empiriques issus de la littérature en sciences humaines et sociales. Des liens potentiels sont également envisagés entre les rituels collectifs et deux cadres théoriques dont l'intérêt en psychologie du sport est grandissant¦: la résilience d'équipe et la gestion collective du stress. Les rituels collectifs pourraient ainsi jouer un rôle dans la résilience d'équipe en renforçant la structure du groupe et son capital social. Ils pourraient également être utilisés par l'équipe comme stratégie collective de gestion du stress. En revanche, à l'opposé, les rituels collectifs peuvent dans certaines situations devenir problématiques, notamment la dépendance excessive et les rites de passage abusifs (i.e., le bizutage). Enfin, des implications pratiques et des perspectives de recherches prometteuses sont évoquées pour étudier les rituels collectifs dans le contexte sportif.
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