Background: Breast Cancer is the most frequent neoplasm causing death in women between 35-55 years of age. Of the Prognostic indicators existing for breast cancer, axillary lymph node status has been regarded as the most important one. Twenty to thirty percent of all lymph node negative patients will still develop a recurrence of the disease within 10 years of initial treatment. Therefore, a new prognostic marker that could identify patients at high risk of tumor recurrence more accurately than existing indicators would be of great value, one potential indicator is tumor-induced angiogenesis. Materials and Methods: This is a six months prospective (January 2010-June 2010) and 1 year retrospective (Jan2009-Dec2009) study which included thirty five breast cancer cases visiting the Surgical OPD. Angiogenesis was estimated by determining micro vessel counting after immune staining the paraffin embedded tissue sections using anti-CD34 antibody. Results: Age of the patients ranged from 25 to 80 years with a mean age of 45.48 years. Most of the cases were infiltrating ductal carcinoma comprising of 33 cases (94.28%). Three cases (9.10%) showed vascular invasion by the tumor. Majority showed (63.64%) vessel count of less than 200 per 10 high power fields. Conclusion: Micro vascular density positively correlated with size of the tumor, lymph nodes involved by the tumor and Nottingham prognostic index. In the future, Antibodies specific to proliferating endothelium, together with the development of automated image analysis, may improve the accuracy and value of measuring angiogenesis-induced microvessel density. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10315 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 570-575

Breast tuberculosis is a rare form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. It is rare in western countries, usually occurs in multiparous and lactating women but rare in male and older women. It has a varied clinical, radiological and pathological presentation that can be similar to that of a breast abscess or carcinoma. Constitutional symptoms are not usually present making it even harder to diagnose clinically. Here we present a case of a young Nepalese woman with tubercular mastitis who was initially misdiagnosed as breast abscess.

No abstract

Background: Widespread use of lead has caused extensive environmental contamination and health problems in many parts of the world. Children are particularly vulnerable and even relatively low levels of exposure can cause serious health conditions. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of blood lead level in children in industrial city of Nepal, Birgunj.Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was done on 50 school going student in Birgunj city, Nepal from November 2016 to January 2017. Questionnaire was used to collect data. Capillary blood was drawn and Blood Lead Level was measured immediately. SPSS ver. 22 was used to analyze the data.Results: The mean age of children in study was 12.5 ± 1.11 years.Among 50 children, 54% were male and 46% were female. The mean blood lead level was 20.33±9.36 μg/dl (male 21.08±8.87μg/dl, female 19.46±10.92 μg/dl). All the children in the study have elevated blood lead level and 84% of them have >10 μg/dl. About 26% of children have blood lead level between 15-20 μg/dl, 12% have level 20-25 μg/dl and 4% of them have more than 35 μg/dl.Conclusion: The prevalence of blood lead level in children from the industrial city of Nepal is alarmingly high. Children exposed with chipped paints have high level of blood lead level. However, further study in large population is required to address the current situation regarding the lead exposure to children.

Primary soft tissue tumors of the penis, such as leiomyomas, are very rare. To the best of our knowledge, less than ten cases have been reported till date. The lesion gradually increases in size and can mimic a malignant lesion. Excisional biopsy and histopathological examination can provide the diagnosis as well as cure, both physical and psychological. We report a case of a penile shaft leiomyoma in a 49 year old male.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i8.11598 Journal of Pathology of Nepal; Vol.4,No. 8 (2014) 680-681