Article 6 of the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights protects the right to life. Meanwhile, Article 6(2) stipulates an exception where death penalty may only be imposed for the 'most serious crimes.' The Human Rights Committee had previously provided that 'most serious crimes' exclude other crimes which do not result in loss of life regardless of how severe the crime may be, including-crimes that threaten national security. In this regard, this Article will attempt to explore the scope of 'most serious crimes' by means of interpretation and margin of appreciation.

Menurut asas subsider, yurisdiksi universal hanya dapat dilaksanakan sebagai upaya terakhir. Artikel ini berpendapat bahwa asas tersebut perlu diatur dalam Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana sebagai syarat untuk melaksanakan yurisdiksi universal berdasarkan Pasal 6 dan 7 agar dapat menjaga penghormatan terhadap kedaulatan negara lain dan menghindari resiko lainnya yang muncul dari pelaksanaan yurisdiksi universal. Artikel ini menyampaikan gagasan Penulis tentang bagaimana asas tersebut dapat dikonseptualisasikan dalam RKUHP. Kesimpulan Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep asas subsider bisa dibentuk dengan lima syarat yaitu, pemenuhan asas ‘universality plus’ dan ‘conditional universality’; adanya laporan dugaan kasus kejahatan internasional; Indonesia sebagai custodial state; dan asas ne bis in idem. Kelima syarat tersebut yang kemudian bisa menjadikan yurisdiksi universal sebagai upaya terakhir.

In recent years, Indonesia has faced a rising rate of women's participation in terrorism. The Presidential Decree No. 7 of 2021concerning the National Action Plan for the Prevention and Countering of Violent Extremism that Leads to Terrorism 2020-2024 mentioned ‘gender mainstreaming’ to counter terrorism without elaborating how this gender-based approach was to be conceptualized in executing policy and regulatory framework. Therefore, this study analyzes the policies of European states. The objective of this study is to learn from the practice of European states to see how a gender-based approach could be further conceptualized under Indonesia’s counter-terrorism policy and regulatory framework. This article was based on normative research, employing both primary and secondary data. Furthermore, the discussion was based on three approaches: statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. The result of the study shows that a gender-based approach requires the Indonesian policy and regulatory framework to treat counter-terrorism as a cross-cutting issue between gender and the fulfillment of human rights.