Regional integration is discussing cooperation among states in a region and the influence of external states or organizations. The cooperation among regions is known as inter-regionalism. As a leader in regional integration, European Union (EU) has been cooperating with the other regions since their name was European Economic Community. Firstly, Europe established relations in the form of political dialogue and cooperation with ASEAN and Asian countries. For this occasion, the EU established Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM). Subsequently, the EU created external relations with African, Caribbean, & Pacific (ACP), South American, etc. This research elaborates on the relation of the EU with the West African region. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is the regional institution chosen by the EU to engage in the relationship. Some scholars acknowledged that ECOWAS is one of the most organized institutions in the African Region. Asymmetric relation between EU and ECOWAS denotes the relation of The North and The South countries. By analyzing the inter-regionalism framework, this paper exercises a liberal institutional perspective as the main paradigm. The results found that inter-regionalism could reinforce strong institutions in both regions.

The Indonesian Railway Industry (INKA) has increased its export production, especially to other developing countries such as Bangladesh, the Philippines, and others. Since 2018, Indonesia has explored the railway industry market in Africa. However, several challenges such as market competition with China and Europe, the distance between Indonesia and Africa, as well as the purchasing power of the African region with the majority of developing and less developed countries are important notes for Indonesia's strategy. This research will discuss the opportunities, challenges, and strategies of INKA in exporting trains in the African region. The analysis of this research uses international trade politics through the Pure Exchange Model of Trade and Strategic Trade Policy. The Pure Exchange Model of Trade is used to explain INKA's position in international trade to understand INKA's opportunities and challenges in Africa. Meanwhile, Strategic Trade Policy is used to describe Indonesia's strategy in advancing the Indonesian Railway Industry in Africa. The results of the study show that Indonesia provides support through a series of policies such as subsidies and diplomacy to obtain projects in Africa. In the process, INKA experienced challenges such as intense competition. However, many opportunities are presented by INKA in terms of the quality factor and the government's persuasive ability.

Abstract-Winning public trust is an important element supporting the continuity of a firm or corporations, as public acceptance could guarantee profit to come in. Hence the loss of public trust is a serious threat for a corporation. For corporations, many factors could end up in the loss of public trust, and one issue that could lead to this situation is allegations of environmental destruction by corporations in their business operation. In facing this situation, corporations have to take various strategies in winning-back public trust. Taking one of the largest, publicly-listed, integrated palmbased consumer companies in Indonesia widely known as PT Sinar Mas Agrobusiness and Technology (hereafter SMART) as a case study, this paper reveals strategies that have been employed by SMART in order to winning-back public acceptance. The paper finds that through a process of multiactor bargaining in the mechanism facilitated by Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), SMART has been able to gaining-back public acceptance and successfully defending its position from allegations of environmental destruction.