Background: Periodontal ligament stem cells are a source of mesenchymal stem cells, but it is unclear whether their phenotype is distinct from mesenchymal stem cells derived from different tissues, such as those derived from bone marrow. Objective: To investigate the expression of the putative PDL markers asporin, periostin, nestin and cementum protein 1, by periodontal ligament stem cells both constitutively and during osteogenic differentiation when compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and dental pulp stem cells. Methods: The primary human periodontal ligament, bone marrow, and dental pulp stem cells, and osteoblasts from different donors were cultured in vitro. The expression of periodontal marker associated genes during osteogenic induction was tested by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Results: Asporin expression was detected in periodontal ligament stem cells and increased markedly during the time in culture (upregulated x53 fold at 21 days post-induction). During osteogenic differentiation, asporin expression significantly decreased in periodontal ligament cells whereas periostin significantly decreased in dental pulp cells. Periostin expression was absent in osteoblasts, but expression gradually increased in all other cells with time in culture. Nestin expression was mainly seen in the periodontal ligament and dental pulp cells and was largely absent in osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. Cementum protein-1 was most highly expressed in bone marrow cells and osteoblasts following osteogenic induction. Conclusions: The results provide further evidence that periodontal ligament-derived and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells are phenotypically distinct. Periodontal markers are also expressed in dental pulp stem cells.

Objectives Stem cell transplantation has shown modest effects on periodontal tissue regeneration, and it is still unclear how regenerative effects utilizing this modality are mediated. A greater understanding of the basic interactions between implanted and host cells is needed to improve future strategies. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells on expression of periodontal markers and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of gingival fibroblasts (GF). Materials and Methods Primary human PDL cells were co‐cultured with primary GF cultures either by direct co‐culture with subsequent FACS sorting or indirect co‐culture using transwell cultures and PDL cell conditioned medium. Expression of periodontal markers, asporin, nestin, and periostin, was assessed by qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression was assessed by qPCR, histochemical staining, and activity assessed by para‐nitrophenol enzymatic assay. Single cultures of PDL cells and GF were used as controls. The role of Wnt signaling on ALP activity was assessed via Dkk1‐mediated inhibition. Results PDL cells significantly upregulated expression of PDL markers in GF with both direct and indirect co‐culture methods when compared to controls (6.05 vs. 0.73 and 59.48 vs. 17.55 fold change of asporin expression). PDL/GF cell co‐cultures significantly increased ALP activity in GF when compared with single GF cultures. Similar results were obtained when using conditioned medium isolated from PDL cell cultures. Dkk1 caused dose‐dependent reduction in ALP activity of GF cultured in PDL cell conditioned medium. Conclusions PDL cells stimulate expression of periodontal markers and osteogenic capacity of gingival fibroblasts via paracrine signaling which can be partially inhibited with addition of the Wnt antagonist, Dkk1.Further studies are required to identify specific secreted factors responsible for this activity.

Introduction: Overhanging approximal restoration may causes gingival inflammation, periodontal tissue destruction, decreases alveolar bone height, and caries reccurence. Overhanging restoration can be detected clinically and by radiography image. Overhang restorations can occur due to the poor filling procedures, one of which is the limitation of supporting tools. Restoration of teeth done in Puskesmas often found unavailability constraints supporting tools so that in cases of approximal caries often experience overhang. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of overhanging proximal restoration at Tarogong Public Health Centre in Garut Regency West Java Indonesia. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross sectional for the incidence on patient with overhanging approximal restoration who visited at Dental Unit Tarogong Public Health Center in Garut Regency. Intraoral clinical examination was conducted to examine visually and by tactile for the overhang restoration. Periapical radiography examination was taken and became supporting examination. Results: Collected data were 43 cases of overhanging approximal restoration from total 57 patients. The incidence of overhanging approximal restoration were 75,4. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study by radiography was the incidence of overhanging restoration was 75.4 which showed that overhanging restoration approksimal more than good restoration aproksimal at Tarogong Public Health Centre in Garut Regency West Java Indonesia.

AbstrakJaringan periodontal yang sehat bergantung pada penempatan restorasi yang tepat terutama di bagian proksimal, sedangkan penempatan yang berlebih (overhang) dapat berperan sebagai faktor terjadinya gingivitis dan kehilangan tulang alveolar. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui relasi prevalensi status periodontal dan kehilangan tulang alveolar pada restorasi proksimal. Studi deskriptif potong lintang pada penderita yang berkunjung di Poli Gigi Puskesmas Tarogong kabupaten Garut periode bulan Maret-November 2010 dinilai status periodontal yang meliputi indeks perdarahan gusi menurut The National Institute of Dental Research, kedalaman poket menggunakan probe Williams dengan skala 0-10 mm, indeks plak Silness-Löe dan kehilangan tulang alveolar dengan analisis teknik Schei. Sampel yang didapat sebanyak 21 dari 35 restorasi proksimal overhang mengalami perdarahan gusi pada saat probing. Indeks plak Silness-Löe 8 dari 14 subjek penelitian termasuk dalam kategori buruk dan 6 dari 14 kategori sedang. Restorasi proksimal overhang dengan kedalaman poket di atas 3 mm sebanyak 24 dari 35 restorasi dengan kehilangan tulang alveolar rata-rata sebanyak 8%. Relative risk perdarahan gusi pada restorasi proksimal yang overhang 1,05 sedangkan kedalaman poket adalah 1,60. Simpulan, pada restorasi proksimal overhang didapatkan nilai indeks plak sedang hingga buruk, kedalaman poket lebih dari 3 mm, dan kehilangan tulang alveolar. [MKB. 2012;44(3):133-7].Kata kunci: Kehilangan tulang alveolar, restorasi overhang, status periodontal Periodontal Status and Alveolar Bone Loss on Overhanging Proximal Restorations AbstractA healthy periodontal tissue dependent on placing a proper restoration especially proximal restoration whereas to place an overhang restoration could be a risk factor for gingivitis and alveolar bone loss. The aim of the study was to find out relation prevalence periodontal status and alveolar bone loss on proximal restorations. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on patients who visited Tarogong Dental Unit Public Health Centre, Garut Regency between March and November 2010 and their periodontal status including The National Institute of Dental Research. Gingiva bleeding index, probing pocket depth using Williams probe with scale 0-10 mm, Silness-Löe plaque index and Schei technic alveolar bone loss analysis were recorded. Twenty-one out of thirtyfive of overhanging proximal restorations had bleeding on probing. Based on plaque index (Silness-Löe) 8 out of 14 respondents were categorized as a poor and 6 out of 14 had moderate category of plaque index. Overhanging proximal restorations, which had pocket depth more than 3 mm, were 24 out of 35 restorations with 8% mean alveolar bone loss. Relative risk of gingival bleeding on overhanging proximal restoration was 1.05 meanwhile the relative risk of pocket depth was 1.60. In conclusions, on overhanging proximal restorations show that there are poor plaque index, bleeding gingival, probing pocket depth more than 3 mm and alveolar bone loss. [MKB. 2012;44(3...