Background The incidence of antimicrobial resistance has been increasing worldwide in the past decades, which includes resistance to bacteria that cause common childhood illnesses, such as acute respiratory infections and diarrhea. Numerous children with those common illnesses are treated with antibiotics. However, in such cases, antibiotic treatment is not required. Community-based studies focusing on antibiotic use among children are still limited. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of antibiotic use for common childhood illnesses and to investigate factors associated with antibiotic use in children under 5 years old as well as female caregivers in a rural community in Indonesia. Methods A cross-sectional study of 334 children in three villages of Banten Province, located in the western part of Java Island, was conducted in May 2018. Female caregivers who were responsible for providing medications to children were interviewed. We obtained information such as demographic data, any common clinical illness within the last 30 days, and antibiotic usage during an episode of illness. We excluded children with underlying disease that require a regular follow-up and children who were hospitalized in the last 30 days in the analysis. Antibiotic use answered by female caregivers was verified by checking its package or showing photos of various antibiotics to the female caregivers. Crushed antibiotics were confirmed with health professionals. Results A total of 203 children had clinical symptoms, and the most common symptom was fever and respiratory symptoms. In total, 49.3% received antibiotics, and 66% of them were prescribed by private health professionals. Only two children received antibiotics without a prescription. The most common antibiotic used among children was amoxicillin. Conclusions The high prevalence of antibiotic use was observed in children under 5 years of age, and the major source to obtain antibiotics was to consult health professionals. Training on appropriate antibiotic use must be conducted for health professionals in not only public but also private sectors.

To elucidate the socioeconomic factors influencing lead exposure in elementary school children by gender, 108 children (56 male, 52 female), aged 6–7 years, were randomly selected from 39 elementary state schools in Serpong, Banten, Indonesia. Their parents were interviewed to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics. Their blood lead (BPb) levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. BPb concentrations were significantly higher in males than in females, i.e., 6.8 ± 2.0 (2.9–12.5) µg/dL and 5.9 ± 1.9 (3.1–11.7) µg/dL, respectively (p < 0.05). Lower socioeconomic status and well water use were associated with increased BPb concentrations, especially in females. The proportion of well water use was related to lower socioeconomic status. Lower socioeconomic status linked with well water drinking seemed to be associated with increased lead exposure in children in Serpong. Their exposure levels possibly varied according to gender differences in behavior. An intervention should be instituted among children in Serpong with BPb concentrations of 10 µg/dL or above.

Purpose: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) was introduced in Indonesia 30 years ago, but the extent of its use has not been fully documented. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the use of KMC and evaluate the characteristics of infants who received KMC at Koja District Hospital in North Jakarta, Indonesia. This retrospective cohort study recorded the characteristics of infants with birthweights less than or equal to 2,200 g at the above-mentioned hospital.Methods: Data collected from infant registers included gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score, number of complications, history of neonatal intensive care unit treatment, and KMC status. Cox regression analysis was conducted.Results: This study found that 57.7% of infants received KMC. Infants with birthweights over 1,500 g were 2.16 times (95% CI: 1.20-3.89) more likely to receive KMC.Conclusion: Efforts to promote KMC are recommended, specifically for infants with birthweights greater than 1,500 g. KMC for infants with other conditions can also be considered based on the infants' stability.

Work stress is a serious problem that results in a emotional mental disorder rate of 9.8% in Indonesia. State civil apparatus (ASN) is a group of workers who are at risk of experiencing work stress. Work stress is caused by employees who perform the work from home (WFH) system, so that employees feel pressured and have an excessive workload on adjusting changes in the learning system in schools due to COVID-19. This study aimed to find the determinant of work stress on the ASN at Department of Education of Cilegon City during WFH on March-May 2020. This study used a cross sectional study with 73 respondents. The statistical tests used in the study are the Chi-square test. The result shows that respondents who experienced very heavy stress and severe stress were 22 people (30.1%). In addition, at α 5%, age variable (p-value = 0.024 ; OR = 8), years of service (p-value = 0.032), job demand (p-value = 0000; OR = 11.45), social support (p-value = 0.012; OR = 8), interpersonal relationship (p-value = 0.008; OR = 4.81), and changes to the organization (p-value = 0.008; OR = 5.33) have a significant relationship with very heavy work stress and severe stress. Based on this research, it is suggested to the head of service to accept the obstacles and difficulties of tasks experienced by employees by opening a consulting service at regular meeting as a means of channeling anxiety experienced by employees and ensuring that employees understand the reasons for proposed internal mutation by holding a question and answer session during internal meeting.  Abstrak Stres kerja menjadi masalah serius yang mengakibatkan angka gangguan mental emosional sebesar 9,8% di Indonesia. Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) merupakan kelompok pekerja yang berisiko mengalami stres kerja. Stres kerja disebabkan oleh pegawai yang melakukan sistem kerja work from home (WFH), sehingga pegawai merasa tertekan dan memiliki beban kerja berlebih terhadap penyesuaian perubahan sistem pembelajaran di sekolah akibat COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi stres kerja pada ASN Dinas Pendidikan Kota Cilegon saat WFH di era pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 73 pegawai. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Maret-Mei 2020. Uji statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah uji Chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden yang mengalami stres sangat berat dan stres berat sebanyak 22 orang (30,1%). Selain itu, pada derajat kepercayaan (α) 5%, variabel umur (p-value=0,024 ; OR=8), masa kerja (p-value=0,019 ; OR=7,18), tuntutan pekerjaan (p-value=0,000 ; OR=11,45), dukungan sosial (p-value=0,012 ; OR=8), hubungan interpersonal (p-value=0,008 ; OR=4,81), dan perubahan pada organisasi (p-value=0,008 ; OR=5,33) memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan stres kerja sangat berat dan stres berat. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, disarankan kepada kepala dinas dapat menerima kendala dan kesulitan tugas yang dialami pegawai dengan membuka layanan konsultasi pada saat pertemuan rutin sebagai sarana penyalur kegelisahan yang dialami pegawai dan memastikan bahwa pegawai memahami alasan mutasi internal yang diusulkan dengan mengadakan sesi tanya jawab ketika rapat internal.