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A three-year-old female child presented with history of difficulty in breathing and snoring, which disturbed her sleep for two weeks. There was history of loss of appetite and fever of one month duration.Clinical examination revealed a rapidly growing mass in the nasopharynx, pushing the soft palate. Airflow was absent in both nostrils.All the routine investigations including complete blood count and peripheral smear were done and found to be normal. CT scan and MRI were done which showed large destructive lesion with increased vascularity in the nasopharynx extending upto the skull base. The provisional diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma and chordoma based on the clinical and radiological findings [ ABSTRACTYolk sac tumour also known as primitive endodermal tumour is the most common malignant germ cell tumour (GCT) in the paediatric age group. Most common sites of involvement are ovaries and testes, but rarely can occur in the extragonadal sites. In the head and neck region, yolk sac tumours have been reported in the nasopharynx, sinonasal tract, orbit, ear and parotid gland. Nasopharynx is an uncommon site for yolk sac tumour and very few cases of nasopharngeal pure yolk sac tumour have been reported so far. Yolk sac tumours are highly malignant and have a poor prognosis. This is a case of pure GCT in a three-year-old female child who presented with a rapidly growing nasopharyngeal mass. Histopathological examination followed by immunohistochemistry and serum AFP study clinched the diagnosis of yolk sac tumour. The tumour responded well to chemotherapy as evidenced by decrease in serum AFP levels.

BACKGROUNDFibrocystic disease (FCD) of breast is one of the most common benign condition of the breast, and breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Ductal hyperplasia is a frequent constituent of fibrocystic change. Moderate to florid hyperplasia is at slightly increased risk of breast carcinoma. In recent years, evidences suggest that quantification of angiogenesis by immune staining for endothelial cell markers may be a useful prognostic predictor.

Inclusion Criteria: is all thyroidectomy specimens done for solitary and multiple neoplastic nodules.Exclusion criteria: Multinodular goiter and Toxic goiter. Among the total thyroidectomy specimens that were received in the department of Pathology in our hospital during the study period, 30 cases were taken into study as per the inclusion criteria and were evaluated further .All those 30 thyroidectomy specimens selected were histologically evaluated and categorized as following ABSTRACTBackground: Thyroid neoplasms constitute the most commonly occurring endocrine tumors worldwide. They commonly occur between 30-60 years of age and affect both sexes. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor constituting 80-85% of all the thyroid carcinomas followed by follicular carcinoma comprising 10-15%. Diagnosis becomes challenging when typical features are not seen or when overlapping features are present. In such cases immunohistochemistry can be done to make correct diagnosis. Methods:In this study we observed the immunohistochemical expression of Cytokeratin19 in 30 thyroidectomy specimens which included classic papillary carcinoma (11 cases), follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (2 cases), follicular adenoma (15 cases) and follicular carcinoma (4 cases). The study period was one year. The scoring was given from 0-3+ based on the percentage of cells showing membrane and cytoplasmic positivity and intensity of staining. Result:The staining results of Cytokeratin19 showed diffuse and strong 3+ positivity in 8/11 cases of papillary carcinoma and its follicular variant, 2 cases showed 2+ positivity and one case with 1+ positivity. Majority of the cases of follicular adenoma (13/15 cases) and follicular carcinoma (3/4 cases) showed negative staining. Only 2 cases of follicular adenoma and 1 case of follicular carcinoma showed focal weak positivity. Conclusion:Cytokeratin19 was found to be a sensitive and specific marker in diagnosing papillary carcinoma and its follicular variant. But it does not differentiate follicular neoplasms. Hence a good panel of markers is essential in arriving at exact diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms in challenging cases.

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