The results of isolation and diagnosis of the fungus growing from Sclerotia and isolated from the infected explants showed that the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was isolated. The results of the antagonistic ability test of the biological resistance elements against S.sclerotiorum gave a high antagonistic ability compared to the control treatment. The treatment of P.fluorescens gave the highest percentage of inhibition against the pathogenic fungus, followed by the treatment of P.commune and T.asperellum. The results showed the efficiency of biological resistance elements, including P.fluorescens, T.asperellum and P.commune, either singly or in combination with each other, in reducing the percentage of infection severity with S.sclerotiorum under plastic house conditions and in the greenhouse, where it amounted between 5.55-50 compared to the control treatment (pathogenic fungi alone), which amounted to 94.44% and under field conditions in the greenhouse, which amounted to 5.55-66.66% compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 83.33%. It provided good protection for eggplant, which was positively reflected on all plant growth parameters, in addition to an increase in the cumulative weight of eggplant fruits.

The selected fungus isolate Penicillium was diagnosed according to morphological and molecular characteristics when cultured on PDA culture media. The results of DNA extraction from spp. Penicillium fungus that had subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed the possibility of duplicate PCR-amplified products with an expected size of 550 nitrogenous base pairs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in the presence of pair of the Forward primer (ITS1) and Reverse primer (ITS4). This is considered the first recording for this isolate in Iraq, and it was registered in the gene bank by a name of DSKZ and its code in the gene bank was MT065753.1, which was registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Some laboratory tests were conducted on this bio-fungus, where the treatment of antagonism between P.commune fungus and the pathogenic fungus S.sclerotiorum gave the highest percentage of inhibition, which amounted to 86.1, with highly significant differences compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 0.00%. The concentrations of 50% and 60% in the non-heat-treated fungal extracts (non-sterile) in terms of colony diameter and the percentage of inhibition for pathogenic fungus have excelled on the rest of the concentrations, which gave the highest values amounted to 0.00, 100%, respectively, for both concentrations. As for the treatment of the thermally treated fungus extracts (sterilized with an autoclave device at a temperature of 121°C and a pressure of 1.5 kg.cm-1 for 20 min), the 60% concentration has excelled on the rest of the concentrations by giving it the highest values in terms of colony diameter and the percentage of inhibition, which amounted to 1.012 cm and 88.8%, respectively, compared to the control treatment in which the colony diameter and percentage of inhibition amounted to 9.00 cm and 0.00%, respectively. P. commune extracts concentrations also caused an increase in the percentage of germination for eggplant seeds at a probability level of 0.05.

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The study was designed to examine the effect of manure (poultry wastes) and bio-formulations of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride separately or with some, to control root-knot disease on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and chard (Beta vulagaris var.cicla (L.)). The study included the isolation of pathogenic nematode of both plant roots, morphological and molecular identification, examination of the pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo and green house experiments involved application of manure and fungal bio-formulations treatments. The morphological and molecular identification confirmed the identity of root-knot nematode, as Meloidogyne javanica, which was pathogenic to radish and chard. The recorded infection severity was 89 and 95% respectively. The green house experiment results revealed that MThTv treatment was significantly reduced infection severity to 0% for radish and chard in contaminated soil (CS) compared with control positive treatment (55.17 and 40%) respectively. MThTv treatment also showed a highest plant height for Radish in non-nematode-contaminated soil (NCS) and CS treatment (17.85 and 16.50 cm) respectively compared with control positive treatment (5.00 cm), while the highest plant height of Chard was 24.5 cm in MThTv-NCS. The wet weight index in Radish showed a superiority of MThTv and MTh in NC on other treatments (201.75 and 189.5 g.plant-1) respectively followed by MThTv-NCS treatment (184.5 g.plant-1) compared with 19.25 gm.plant-1 in control treatment. In Chard the results showed similar pattern represented by superiority of MThTv-NC treatment (255.25 gm.plant-1) followed by MThTv-NCS (190.75 gm.plant-1) compared with 37.50 gm/plant for positive control.

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