The relationship between place attachments and agricultural land conversion for developing countries had not been studied in many studies. This study aimed to provide empirical evidence of the psychological relationship between place attachment and agricultural land conversion, in contributing to sustainable agriculture in rural areas. The method used was the calculation of the place attachment index, while examining the relationship between latent and dependent variables implemented in Structural Equation Model (SEM), applied in AMOS Software. The result of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) calculation demonstrated the relationship between place attachment and agricultural land conversion. The attitude towards land development also had a weight of 0.657, which is substantially optimistic. Also, the weight value indicated that the place attachment relationship positively impacted the desire to maintain land, as maintenance decision was higher when the place attachment was high. That was accompanied by a 31.6% value of R2, meaning that the place attachment influenced 31.6% of the variance in the decision to preserve land.

Well-implement social capital can affect the bounce-up rate to improve the quality of life. Currently, Pujon Kidul Village is being affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently community social capital has been seen as the main component to strengthen and function a community, particularly in supporting the COVID-19 Resilience Villages. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the influence of social capital on decisions to take collective action and identify the condition of community social capital in supporting the development of the COVID-19 Resilience Villages. The approach used is a quantitative-qualitative approach by conducting questionnaires to 275 respondents and interviews with ten informants to dig deeper into the conditions of Pujon Kidul Village during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the questionnaires and interviews were then processed using CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis), SEM (Structural Equation Modeling), and descriptive analysis. The results of the analysis show that the social capital of the Pujon Kidul Village community has a direct influence on decisions to take collective action. In addition, the community's social capital already has a good condition and is based on a high sense of trust, involvement, and cooperation of the society. This is then considered to contribute to the success of the COVID-19 Resilience Village program.

Bangelan is one of the villages which proclaim as a tourism village in Malang Regency. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted tourist visits, causing considerable losses to tourism economic activityr. This study aims to determine the structure of community adaptation in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is associated with social capital and collective actions to restore socioeconomic conditions. Assessment of social capital used three variables: trust, social norms, and social networks, each of which identifies its relationship with collective action. This study used descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the data were obtained from the questionnaire. The study results explain that the norm variable in social capital wasthe most influential for the community to make decisions in taking collective action to restore the socioeconomic conditions. The norms were based on compliance with applicable norms and social sanctions against those who violate. Social norms affected almost every aspect of people's lives and became development pillars. The success of development efforts depended on conforming to or contradicting the development with pre-existing norms. In addition, the role of the community as hosts was the most important element in tourism development where they lived. Furthermore, norms could prevent outsiders from taking the opportunities that often dominate the development of local tourism destinations.JEL Classification  I32; R23; R51

Bangelan is a village located in Wonosari District, Malang Regency, Indonesia. Bangelan Village has an area of 167.2 hectares with various natural, livestock, and agricultural potentials that support the development of tourist villages. As a tourist village, Bangelan has obstacles in tourism development due to the subordinate role of village institutions and the low capability of the community as tourism actors. This study aims to identify the community's level of readiness in developing a tourist village. In addition, the relationship between the characteristics of the community and the level of community readiness was identified. Data collection was carried out on the community and key respondents through questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The community readiness model was used to assess the level of readiness and cross-tabulation analysis and chi-square test to determine the relationship between community characteristics and the level of community readiness. The results showed that the readiness category of the community was ready with the sixth level of readiness, namely initiation. These results also show that most of the community knows and understands the basic things about tourism village development and the critical role of leaders in planning and developing businesses. The level of community readiness is influenced by characteristics including involvement in the development of tourist villages, type of work, and gender.

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