The purpose of the study was to explore variables of the health belief model in relation to the follow-up of abnormal Pap smear among low-income women in Medellín, Colombia. Eight focus groups (62 women) were conducted according to age groups (25-45 and 46-69 years). The data were analyzed using content analysis. The participants perceived themselves as vulnerable, recognized the severity of the disease in terms of both its emotional and physical consequences, perceived the benefits of the follow-up, and mentioned cues to action, such as social support and the support of health entities. Perceived self-efficacy was compromised by health system barriers and by personal barriers, such as placing the needs of their children ahead of their own, fear, neglect, and the pain caused by the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Health education activities aimed at increasing the follow-up of abnormal Pap smears should consider psychological factors.
identificar barreras y facilitadores del seguimiento: diagnóstico y tratamiento de anormalidadescitológicas en mujeres de bajos ingresos usuarias de la red pública de servicios de salud de la ciudad deMedellín, Colombia. Métodos: se realizaron ocho grupos focales (62 mujeres) según grupos de edad (25-45y 46-69 años) y se hizo un análisis de contenido. Resultados: las barreras del sistema de salud reportadasfueron: a) barreras estructurales: fragmentación en la prestación del servicio, problemas con afiliaciones ycaracterísticas del régimen de afiliación; b) barreras administrativas: problemas y demoras en la asignaciónde citas, largas filas, problemas con autorizaciones y maltrato; y c) barreras económicas derivadas de lasdos anteriores y relacionadas con el gasto de bolsillo. También se mencionaron facilitadores estructurales yadministrativos. Conclusión: algunas características estructurales del sistema de salud y de la administraciónde las aseguradoras limitan el acceso de las mujeres al seguimiento de lesiones precancerosas.
Los metabolitos secundarios producidos por hongos son ampliamente diversos en estructura y función, lo que provee una fuente de compuestos con actividad biológica para aplicaciones en agricultura, farmacia y procesamiento de alimentos. Entre los metabolitos secundarios se encuentran compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) a los cuales se atribuye un papel determinante en la comunicación entre microorganismos. En este trabajo empleamos una cámara de ensayos comunicada por el espacio de cabeza para evaluar la actividad debida únicamente a COVs. Los resultados indican que los COVs liberados por T. viride afectan el crecimiento de los hongos fitopatógenos evaluados. En el caso de Fusarium sp. se afectaron los halos de crecimiento y para Colletotrichum gloeosporioides se observaron cambios morfológicos en su color. Para identificar los COVs responsables de esta actividad, se usaron 3 técnicas de extracción: Headspace dinámico (HSD), headspace estático (HSE) y extracción líquido-líquido (ELL) y el análisis por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GCMS). Mediante el muestreo del HSD y HSE se encontraron alcoholes y lactonas, mientras que en ELL los compuestos mayoritarios fueron alcoholes y varios ácidos orgánicos. Entre los compuestos determinados por las tres técnicas se encuentran alcohol bencílico, alcohol 2-feniletílico, 6-pentil-2H-piran-2-ona y gama-butirolactona. Esta última identificada por primera vez en T. viride. La comparación de las tres técnicas de extracción permitió establecer que HSD es el método de extracción de COVs que mejor simula la situación presentada en la cámara de evaluación de actividad biológica, permitiendo así identificar los COVs responsables de la actividad antifúngica detectada.
Two phenols, bakuchiol (1) and 3-hydroxybakuchiol (2), and two isoflavone glycosides, daidzin (3) and genistin (4) were isolated from Otholobium mexicanum J. W. Grimes (Fabaceae). Moreover, the ability of the raw extract and isolated metabolites to inhibit the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase was evaluated in vitro. In the α-amylase assay, the methanolic extract exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 470 μg/mL, while inhibition percentages of bakuchiol (1), 3-hydroxybakuchiol (2), and daidzin (3) were less than 25% at the maximum dose tested (1 μM). Genistin (4) exhibited a poor activity with an IC50 of 805 μM. In the α-glucosidase assay, the methanolic extract exhibited a strong inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 32 μg/mL, while 3-hydroxybakuchiol (2) exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 345 μM. Daidzin (3) and genistin (4) exhibited lower inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 564 μM and 913 μM, respectively. Bakuchiol (1) exhibited a poor inhibitory activity with an inhibition percentage less than 10% at the maximum dose tested (1 mM).
Some bacteria release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can influence the growth of other microorganisms including some pathogens. Identifying bacteria with antifungal activity makes it possible to use such bacteria in the development of biocontrol agents. Thus, the present study focuses on screening VOCs released by eight isolates from Paenibacillus genus, collected at Old Providence and Santa Catalina coral reef (Colombian Caribbean Sea), with antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 26B. The VOCs from Paenibacillus sp (PNM-50) showed inhibition rates higher than 50% in the mycelial fungi growth accompanied by macroscopic morphological changes and a reduction in conidiation. In order to identify the VOCs responsible for this antifungal bioactivity, Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) from the bacterial culture was conducted, followed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The chromatographic results revealed a high abundance of VOCs released just by culture media. Once, the difference between VOCs emitted by culture media and bacteria was established, it was possible to make a putative identification of 2-furanmethanol, phenylacetonitrile, and 2,4-dimethylpentanol as possible VOCs responsible for the antifungal activity.
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