Background Following human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) infection and antiretroviral therapy, the development of periodontal disease was shown to be favored. However, the influence of HIV‐1 infection on the periodontal microbiota after non‐surgical periodontal debridement (NSPD) needs a broad comprehension. This work aimed to compare the subgingival microbiological content of patients infected with HIV‐1 and controls (non‐infected) with periodontitis undergoing NSPD. Methods The bacterial profile of subgingival biofilm samples of patients with HIV‐1 (n = 18) and controls (n = 14) with periodontitis was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The samples were collected at baseline, 30, and 90 days after NSPD. The taxonomic analysis of gingival microbiota was performed using a ribosomal RNA database. The microbiota content was evaluated in the light of CD4 cell count and viral load. Results Both HIV and control groups showed similar stages and grades of periodontitis. At baseline, the HIV group showed higher alpha diversity for both healthy and periodontal sites. Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Veillonella and Prevotella were the predominant bacterial genera. A low abundance of periodontopathogenic bacteria was observed, and the NSPD induced shifts in the subgingival biofilm of patients with HIV‐1, leading to a microbiota similar to that of controls. Conclusions Different subgingival microbiota profiles were identified—a less diverse microbiota was found in patients infected with HIV‐1, in contrast to a more diverse microbiota in controls. NSPD caused changes in the microbiota of both groups, with a greater impact on the HIV group, leading to a decrease in alpha diversity, and produced a positive impact on the serological immune markers in patients infected with HIV‐1. Control of periodontitis should be included as part of an oral primary care, providing the oral health benefits and better control of HIV‐1 infection.

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Background: Periodontitis (PDT) has gained attention in the literature with the increase in life expectancy of people living with HIV on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Thus, the search for inflammatory biomarkers could be useful to understand the pathophysiology of chronic oral diseases in the cART era. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on clinical parameters of PDT, Candida spp. count and expression of LF and HST in saliva and CGF of HIV-infected patients. Methods: Bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), colony-forming units (CFUs) of Candida spp, and lactoferrin (LF) and histatin (HST) levels were measured in saliva and GCF of both groups at three different times: baseline (before treatment), and 30 and 90 days after the NSPT. Clinical, mycological and immunoenzymatic analyses were also performed. Results: Twenty-two HIV-infected patients and 25 non-HIV-infected patients with PDT participated in the study. NSPT was effective in improving periodontal clinical parameters, including ≤ 4 sites with PD ≤ 5mm and BI ≤ 10%. No significant change in oral Candida spp. count occurred neither between the two groups nor during the time after the periodontal treatment. And the salivary and GCF levels of LF and HST seems not to be influenced by the NSPT. By contrast, except for salivary LF, HST and LF were shown to exhibit significantly higher levels in HIV-infected than in non-HIV-infected patients. Conclusions: NSPT was effective in improving periodontal disease parameters in HIV-infected patients, but do not affect lactoferrin and histatin-5 expression in saliva and ginvival crevicular fluid of HIV-infected patients.