This article adopts an approach from social systems theory to map the legislative and judicial responses produced by Brazilian law in light of the 2018 presidential election in Brazil, a political event marked by the mass dissemination of fake news. The study applies social systems theory to observe and interpret the legislative process in relation to a Draft Statute on Fake News which is part of a regulatory movement concerning digital communications and personal data in Brazil. The article combines this with observations on case law from the Superior Electoral Court regarding fake news dissemination during the 2018 presidential election. The results of these analyses demonstrate the difficulty of regulating fake news in Brazil and the problems with a legal framework based on the deference of the Judiciary to legislative decisions; its openness to technology experts; and the adoption of “regulated self-regulation” as a way of building an interface between legal and political national systems and transnational digital platforms.
Este texto apresenta uma perspectiva sociológica sobre o tema das fake news eleitorais a partir do recorte temporal das eleições brasileiras de 2018. A temática é fundamental diante do potencial disruptivo que a disseminação massiva de notícias falsas representa para o processo eleitoral. O estudo adota o referencial da teoria dos sistemas sociais de Niklas Luhmann para observar as respostas jurídicas implementadas no país. Essas iniciativas abrangem tanto o Legislativo (e.g. Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais e projeto de Lei das Fake News) quanto o Judiciário (especialmente o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, cuja jurisprudência acerca das eleições majoritárias de 2018 mapeamos). Envolve, ainda, experiências de autorregulação implantadas pelas próprias redes e plataformas digitais. A sociologia sistêmica nos permite correlacionar a evolução dos meios de disseminação da comunicação (tecnologias) com o processamento das comunicações pelos diversos sistemas funcionais e organizacionais (a política e o Estado; o direito e as cortes; a mídia e as empresas de comunicação). Por fim, o texto pondera sobre a importância de uma agenda de pesquisa da sociologia das fake news eleitorais.
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