This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Öz Günümüz kentlerinde sanayileşme, nüfus artışı, göç, gelişmişlik düzeyi, ulusal politikalar gibi çeşitli faktörler doğrultusunda gerçekleşen yoğun, planlanmamış ve çarpık kentleşmeye bağlı pek çok sorun görülmektedir. Bu sorunların çevresel kaynaklar, kent mekanı ve kentin yaratıcı ve yürütücü unsuru insan üzerinde neden olduğu etkiler on yıllardır pek çok disiplinde tartışılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla insan ve çevre arasındaki karşılıklı ve kuvvetli etkileşim, insanın bedensel ve psikolojik sağlığını, kentsel tasarımda ele alınması kaçınılmaz konulardan biri yapmaktadır. Özellikle çevre psikolojisi alanında yer bulan insan psikolojisi ve çevre arasındaki ilişki, kentsel sorunlar konusuyla ilgili olarak ekopsikoloji yaklaşımında karşılık bulmaktadır (Rozsak, 1992). İnsan ve doğa arasında yeniden kurulacak bağın çevresel sorunların çözümündeki rolüne dikkat çeken yaklaşım, bu bağın kurulabilmesi için ise bireylerin doğal alanlarda vakit geçirmesi ile elde ettikleri ekoterapi hizmetinin gerekliliğinden bahsetmektedir. Bu gereklilik doğrultusunda bu çalışma, kentin ekoterapi hizmeti sağlayan fonksiyonları ve özelliklerinin araştırılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla ekopsikoloji ve ekoterapi konu başlıklarında sistematik literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiş, ulaşılan 37 makale içerisinde terapötik mekânların türleri, özellikleri, faydaları ve terapötik aktiviteler incelenmiştir. İncelenen 4 eksen dâhilinde anahtar kelimeler halinde çekilerek gruplanan tanımlar söylem analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Belirlenen fayda, tür, özellik ve aktivitelerin mekânının niteliklerini belirleme konusundaki en önemli araçlardan olan kentsel tasarım süreçlerine sunabileceği katkılar ve dâhil olabileceği aşamalar tartışılmıştır.

In this study, we examine and evaluate local knowledge to develop an integrated participatory model for spatial planning. We used participatory approaches in Düzce province to enhance risk communication, and to obtain the local point of view related to natural hazards and vulnerabilities through collaborative workshop techniques. We integrated multi-knowledge sources including geoecological research data and local expert knowledge, and including the results of questionnaire surveys' analyses from workshops and town-watch exercise. This paper presents integrated information that can be useful in risk communication, and valuable analyses in terms of stakeholders' responsibilities and sources in disaster risk reduction towards resilience.

The impacts of problems related to dense, unplanned, and irregular urbanization on the natural environment, urban areas, and humankind have been discussed in many disciplines for decades. Because of the circular relationship between humans and their environment, human health and psychology have become both agents and patients in interactions with nature. The field of ecopsychology investigates within this reciprocal context the relationship between human psychology and ecological issues and the roles of human psychology and society in environmental problems based on deteriorated nature–human relationships in urbanized areas. This approach has given rise to ecotherapy, which takes a systemic approach to repairing this disturbed nature–human relationship. This study aims to uncover the relationship between the physical attributes of urban green areas and their potential for providing ecotherapy service to users, first by determining the characteristics of ecotherapeutic urban space and urban green areas given in studies in the ecopsychology and ecotherapy literature, and then by conducting a case study in two urban parks from the Beylikdüzü District of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area. The impacts of these parks’ changing physical characteristics on user experiences are determined through a comparison of their physical attributes and the user experiences related to their ecotherapy services.

This study aims to develop an integrated spatial planning methodology with a participatory planning approach for building resilient settlements against complex ecological risk factors. Düzce Province is selected as a case study because of its complex ecological characteristics as witnessed many times in past. The methodology consists of four phases. (1) The first phase of the methodology joins the ecological planning aims. In the (2) second phase, ecosystem services (ES) integrated land suitability maps was produced by combining natural hazard risks and landscape vulnerabilities with the risk of degradation of valuable ES. The (3) third phase, is participatory risk governance approach, which consists of three components namely, (a) risk communication, (b) risk assessment, (c) risk management that conducted between the local and regional stakeholders within the multi-scale approach. In the (4) fourth phase, comprehensive outputs for spatial risk mitigation was provided by the integration of ecological risk synthesis and participatory planning findings. Results show that participants prioritized earthquake, landslide, and flood as the highest natural hazard risks and erosion, habitat vulnerability, and water infiltration as the highest ecological vulnerability risks respectively. Results of risk governance analysis show that, at macroscale, central government institutions have the highest responsibility predominantly for proactive roles. At mesoscale local institutions of central governance have mainly reactive responsibilities. Thus, this integrated ecological risk assessment methodology can contribute to the decision-making process of ecological risk mitigation plans in a more comprehensive way through a multi-spatial and temporal scale approach. Moreover, this method can be applied in other provinces. However, in order to disseminate the results of participatory risk governance at provincial level, participation level and diversity should be increased in future studies.