Foreign reserve accumulation is a widespread phenomenon of recent years, particularly among emerging economies. Using a panel of 136 countries for the period 1973-2003, we demonstrate the need of using both a dynamic specification of the reserve demand equation and the system GMM estimator. These improvements change the results found by previous studies. Openness, regional imitation, persistence, an inverted U-shaped relationship between reserves and income level, and financial deregulation are the factors driving reserve hoardings. In contrast, reserves yield, and both trade and financial volatility are not statistically significant. Surprisingly, we find that countries with flexible exchange rate regimes have higher ratios of reserves to GDP. This result is robust to alternative exchange rate regime classifications.
ResumenLos precios de los commodities han evidenciado un notable crecimiento en los últimos años, lo que ha traído consigo un sinnúmero de cambios en la economía mundial. Este trabajo busca efectuar un aporte dentro de esta temática a partir de la aplicación de un modelo autorregresivo vectorial con transición suave, enraizado en la literatura de agentes con expectativas heterogéneas. Se intenta comprender con esta metodología econométrica tanto las variables que influyen los precios de los commodities en el largo plazo, obteniendo así un precio de "equilibrio" o "fundamental", como los mecanismos de generación, amplificación y corrección de desviaciones de corto plazo respecto a tal referencia. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren una buena dosis de cautela a la hora de evaluar los precios corrientes como niveles permanentes de cara al futuro. AbstractCommodity prices have been growing fast in the last few years and this has caused countless economic changes worldwide. This paper looks for a place in this topic offering a smooth transition vector autoregressive model whose motivation is rooted in the heterogeneous agent based models literature. The econometric methodology aims at identifying both those variables that influence prices in the long run -obtaining in this way an "equilibrium" or "fundamental" price, and the mechanisms that start, strengthen and eventually correct short run deviations with respect to that equilibrium. The empirical results suggest that current peaks of commodities should be carefully treated. Particularly, those records levels should not been automatically taken for granted as permanent prices for the near future.Clasificación JEL: C32, D84, Q11. * Este trabajo constituye la tesis de la Maestría en Economía de la UNLP. Deseo agradecer a Jorge Carrera quien ha sido el director, a José Fanelli quien aceptó ser lector y a Ricardo Bebczuk quien siguió el proceso de tesis. A Javier Ibarlucia debo varias de las mejores ideas para llevar adelante el proyecto, así como numerosas sugerencias. También Fernando Toledo, Augusto Mercadier y Federico Traverso aportaron valiosos comentarios. A Omar Mendoza agradezco una fructífera instrucción sobre estimación de modelos STAR. Como es usual, los errores remanentes son mi exclusiva responsabilidad. ** e-mail: dbastourre@bcra.gov.ar. Las opiniones vertidas en este artículo son meramente a título personal y no comprometen en modo alguno la visión de las instituciones de las que el autor es miembro.
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