For over 100 years the Rural Developing District 063 (RDD‐063), which is located in Hidalgo State, has received wastewater without treatment from Mexico City. This wastewater has been used as irrigation water in agriculture, so high amounts of toxic substances have been deposited in the soils and sediments of this area, including heavy metals. Heavy metals are not biodegraded and persist in the environment for long time, so the goal of this study was to evaluate the bioavailable concentration of four heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, and Pb) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry during three sampling periods in 1993. The results show increasing levels of cadmium and lead during July (second sampling period), while cobalt had its highest level in March (first sampling period). Finally, chromium data presented an irregular pattern during the whole year. The high levels of these elements indicate major pollution problems in RDD‐063, which may represent increased health risks for humans and animals. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
El presente estudio buscó investigar acerca de la relación entre las habilidades sociales y la autoestima. El diseño de la investigación fue no experimental, transversal y correlacional-causal. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un formulario de Google Forms en el cual se incluyeron los instrumentos, estos fueron la “Escala de autoestima de Rossemberg” y la “Escala de habilidades sociales de Gismero”. Se halló una correlación directa entre los constructos utilizados, donde los puntajes en habilidades sociales explicaron un 30% los puntajes de la autoestima. Adicionalmente se rechazó la hipótesis nula en la correlación entre sexo de los participantes y las habilidades sociales, pues las participantes femeninas obtuvieron menores puntajes en aquel constructo. Mientras que, para la correlación entre el sexo y la autoestima, la hipótesis nula fue aceptada. Finalmente, se concluyó que los bajos niveles en habilidades sociales fungen como un buen predictor de la autoestima, además se encontró que la correlación entre el sexo y las habilidades sociales, sumado a otros factores, suponen un déficit de estas habilidades en la población femenina, lo cual perpetúa aspectos patriarcales y limita aspectos esenciales de la vida social de la mujer.
Automobile-service-station wastes make for an acute environmental concern because they contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, surfactants, and other harmful elements. An eco-friendly way to treat and take advantage of these wastes is embodied in the concept called "valorization". In the present work, valorization is described as a chemical process to remove solids from contaminated water and to stabilize oily sludge into a saponified product. Electrocoagulation and coagulation with aluminum were applied to separate oil-water emulsions and removed 99.7% of turbidity. Both coagulation processes obtained approximately 0.85 kg of treated water and 0.027 kg of dried oily sludge per kg of wastewater. A saponification process with dosages of 10% NaOH stabilized the dried oily sludge. In hopes of finding pathways to valorize wastes, chemical treatments with aluminum and NaOH obtained a product that can be used as a surfactant or as an energy source.Keywords: sludge, electrocoagulation, saponification, oil, wastewater
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