Background: The academic literature contains little information regarding the interventions that create age-friendly cities and communities in order to promote active ageing. Objectives: A systematic review was carried out to determine the available empirical evidence in relation to the characteristics, content and effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving environmental and psychosocial risk factors for older people, from the perspective of age-friendly communities and the promotion of active ageing. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the studies retained in this review were identified through a systematic search of the academic literature in selected electronic databases including Web of Science and Scopus. Independent critical appraisal and data extraction were conducted by two reviewers. The checklist was used to assess the quality of the articles. Findings: The search identified 1020 potentially eligible documents, of which 11 satisfied the established criteria. Non-exhaustive practices prevailed over rigorous investigations, with a high proportion of studies observed to be of low methodological quality and at high risk of bias. This reflected the predominance of uncontrolled interventions. Environmental interventions were focused on reducing risk and adapting the everyday environmental setting, while psychosocial interventions prioritised social strategies (behavioural changes, promotion of participation) and training. Interventions were more effective in certain domains of age-friendly cities and communities such as transportation and housing, followed by increased participation as a lifestyle-related behavioural change. The inferred changes were associated with providing information and enhancing skills; modifying access, barriers, exposures, and opportunities; enhancing services and support; continuity and effectiveness of changes over time; and modifying policies based on the bottom-up approach of age-friendly cities and communities (AFCC). Discussion and conclusion: Interventions focused on personal and organisational aspects might have positive effects in the longer term. However, fewer changes would be observed in interventions revolving around changing lifestyles owing to the impact of complex multi-causal factors. The relative effectiveness in terms of health calls into question the design of interventions and the supposed “friendliness” of certain communities. There is a need to encourage sound longitudinal research aimed at providing key knowledge for the implementation and evaluation of public policies, and to encourage age-friendly community programmes to promote active ageing.
La investigación analiza los atributos del entorno construido y las funciones del entorno social que determinan la atractividad del mercado público tradicional y favorecen el envejecimiento activo en la ciudad de Aguascalientes (México). La metodología ha consistido en una encuesta a personas mayores, y también datos recabados de sensores ambientales en el mercado de Terán. Los resultados mostraron que la atractividad del mercado tradicional en relación con la óptima interacción con las necesidades del adulto mayor está determinada por la funcionalidad de los atributos del ambiente físico-construido y la usabilidad de las funciones del entorno social. Se discuten los posibles beneficios que tiene el mercado público atractivo en la estimulación del envejecimiento activo y saludable y, en general, en la calidad de vida en la vejezThe research analyzes the attributes of the constructed surroundings and the functions of the social environment that determine the attractiveness of the traditional public marketplace and foster active aging in Aguascalientes, Mexico. The methodology consisted of conducting a survey of elderly people and collecting data from environmental sensors at the public marketplace of Terán. The results showed that the attractiveness of the traditional marketplace in relation to optimal interaction with the needs of the elderly is determined by the functionality of the attributes of the constructed material surroundings and the usability of the functions of the social environment. It discusses the possible benefits of the attractive public marketplace in stimulating active and healthy aging, as well as the general quality of life in old ag
<p>La investigación tiene por objetivo analizar un sistema que pretende fomentar la participación de los alumnos a partir de la reflexión crítica. Consiste fundamentalmente en presentar en el aula material respecto al que los estudiantes tienen que realizar una crítica constructiva y asegurar que al menos dos alumnos que se seleccionan de manera aleatoria tomen nota de la participación. Es un sistema relativamente objetivo de valorarla. La metodología se basa en un método mixto, cualitativo-cuantitativo, donde se ha empleado la observación participante a 507 alumnos y la encuesta, realizada a esos mismos alumnos, con una tasa de respuesta del 55%. Un 66% de los estudiantes considera que en un grado alto o muy alto hay que desarrollar la capacidad crítica de los alumnos (frente al 9% en grado bajo o muy bajo). Un 50% está de acuerdo en grado alto o muy alto con el sistema de anotar en clase la participación por alumnos que rotan al azar (frente al 19% en grado bajo o muy bajo). Se constata una asociación significativa entre el tamaño de la clase y la calificación obtenida en participación (r=-0,96), con peores calificaciones en las clases más numerosas. Sorprende que los alumnos con participación baja (de 0 a 3 intervenciones) son el grupo más numeroso, con un 42,2% del total. Refleja que el método ha excluido o casi excluido a un porcentaje muy elevado de estudiantes. Si se suma la participación media y alta, funciona aceptablemente bien o muy bien para una mayoría de alumnos, el 58,2%, pero hay que hacer el máximo esfuerzo por integrar al numeroso grupo de marginados.</p>
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