The current article summarizes the results of a comprehensive review of the international research published between 1990 and 2010. The research was focused on the prevalence of substance use/disorders among the unemployed and employed, the impact of substance abuse on unemployment and vice versa, the effect of unemployment on alcohol/ drug addiction treatment and smoking cessation, and the relationship between business cycle, unemployment rate and substance use. Over hundred-thirty relevant studies were identified investigating these issues. The main results are as follows: (1) Risky alcohol consumption (associated with hazardous, binge, and heavy drinking) is more prevalent among the unemployed. They are also more likely to be smokers, to use illicit and prescription drugs, and to have alcohol and drug disorders (abuse, dependence). (2) Problematic substance use increases the likelihood of unemployment and decreases the chance of finding and holding down a job. (3) Unemployment is a significant risk factor for substance use and the subsequent development of substance use disorders. However, the current research provides only limited information about which individuals are more likely to be affected. (4) Unemployment increases the risk of relapse after alcohol and drug addiction treatment. (5) The exact nature of the relationship between unemployment and the probability of smoking cessation remains unclear due to the mixed results observed in the literature review. (6) Drinking and smoking patterns appear to be procyclical. We see a decrease in both when the economy declines and the unemployment rate increases. In contrast, a countercyclical trend was observed amongst adolescent drug users. However, these studies do not provide any convincing or additional information about substance use amongst the unemployed. This paper discusses the merits, limitations and problems of the research, proposes numerous future research questions, and outlines important implications for policy makers and practitioners, especially with regard to prevention and vocational promotion and rehabilitation.

The current review provides an overview of socioepidemiological research in Germany about the prevalence of addictive behaviours (smoking, binge and hazardous drinking, consumption of cannabis and other illegal drugs, the non-medical use of prescription drugs and problematic gambling) among adolescents (11-17 years) and young adults (18-25 years), also differentiating between different socioeconomic status (SES) indicators (attended school type, family affluence, parental occupational status, parental SES, employment status) and migration background. The authors evaluated data from ten national surveys and one regional survey conducted between 2002 and 2012, which included different samples. The trends over this time frame reveal that the proportion of adolescents who smoke tobacco, show problematic patterns of alcohol consumption, use cannabis or other illegal drugs has generally declined over the investigated time span in Germany. The results nevertheless suggest that some strong associations still exist between social inequalities and the prevalence of substance use. The detailed results are summarised in twelve tables. The main results are as follows: 1) Low SES (school type, employment status) was consistently associated with more cigarette smoking, and, where such data was available, this pattern was observed in both males and females. 2) With regard to family affluence, two surveys show that boys with low and middle FAS are significantly less likely to have binge drinking experience compared to boys with high FAS. There were no significant associations between problematic alcohol use and parental SES, and not all results of the surveys show that binge drinking is more prevalent among HS-students. Employment status was associated with gender differences; problematic patterns of alcohol consumption were significantly more prevalent among young unemployed males compared to GY-students (secondary high school/grammar school) of the same age. The opposite was true for females. Another consistent finding was that among adolescents and young adults with a Turkish/Asian migration background, a problematic use of alcohol was significantly less common compared to adolescents and young adults of the same age without a migration background. 3) In terms of the consumption of cannabis, the unemployed and students with low educational level ('Hauptschule´) emerge as high-risk groups. 4) The results concerning problematic gambling significantly overlap with and reflect the findings of international research: being male, of low educational attainment, unemployed, receiving social welfare, and having a migration background significantly increased the risk of problematic gambling habits. 5) The highest lifetime prevalence rates for the consumption of illegal drugs (other than cannabis) were observed among students with low educational level. It should be noted that other SES indicators, in addition to school type, have not been examined to date. The review concludes by outlining gaps and future research areas, as well as pres...

Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie Es wurde untersucht, welcher Umsetzungsstand bei der Integration Suchtkranker ins Erwerbsleben im Rahmen des SGB II unter dem Blickwinkel guter Praxis im Jahr 2016 erreicht wurde und ob sich die Praxis der Jobcenter seit der ersten Studie zu diesem Thema im Jahr 2009 weiterentwickelt hat. Methode Im Zentrum stand eine bundesweite standardisierte Online-Befragung der Jobcenter, von denen sich 325 (80%) von insgesamt 408 beteiligten. Gegenstand der Befragung waren: die personelle Ausstattung der Jobcenter, suchtspezifische Schulung der Fachkräfte, Fachkonzeptentwicklung, Kooperation mit der Suchtberatung, Verfahren zum Erkennen von Suchtproblemen, Umgang mit Sanktionen, Netzwerke im regionalen sozialen Hilfesystem, Kooperation mit der Suchtrehabilitation, Maßnahmen zur Gesundheitsförderung, Beschäftigungs- und Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen und Integration der suchtkranken SGB II-Beziehenden in Arbeit. Ergebnisse Im Vergleich zu 2009 lassen sich 2016 teils deutliche, teils leichte Fortschritte in der Praxis der Jobcenter erkennen. So fiel auch die Einschätzung der Integrationschancen in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt durch die Jobcenter-Fachkräfte deutlich weniger pessimistisch aus. Keine Verbesserungen sind eingetreten u. a. beim Erkennen von Suchtproblemen und der Bearbeitung der Schnittstelle zur Suchtrehabilitation. In die lokalen sozialen Netzwerke sind die Jobcenter dagegen inzwischen gut eingebunden und kooperieren mit vielen externen Akteurinnen und Akteuren. Schlussfolgerungen Es besteht in vielerlei Hinsicht nach wie vor großer Handlungsbedarf.

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Currently, the two faces of work as described by Kurt Lewin (The socialization of the Taylor system. A fundamental examination of work and vocational psychology 1920) are clearly pronounced. Thus, work can be beneficial to personal development and well-being as work is a possible source of learning opportunities, motivation and positive emotional states. On the other hand there are a growing number of complaints about stress and exhaustion because of high work load and working days lost due to incapacity to work because of mental ill health are increasing. The question arises whether there is a relationship between work load and mental health. This article presents information on the data and tries to clarify if the relationship between work load and mental health results more due to bad job design than a distorted response behavior due to mental illness.