Instrumental music training has been shown to enhance cognitive processing beyond general intelligence. We examined this assumption with regard to working memory performance in primary school-aged children (N = 50; 7–8 years of age) within a longitudinal study design. Half of the children participated in an extended music education program with 45 minutes of weekly instrumental music training, while the other half received extended natural science training. Each child completed a computerized test battery three times over a period of 18 months. The battery included seven subtests, which address the central executive, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad components of Baddeley’s working memory model. Socio-economic background and basic cognitive functions were assessed for each participant and used as covariates in subsequent analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Significant group by time interactions were found for phonological loop and central executive subtests, indicating a superior developmental course in children with music training compared to the control group. These results confirm previous findings concerning music training and cognitive performance. It is suggested that children receiving music training benefit specifically in those aspects of cognitive functioning that are strongly related to auditory information processing.
This study investigates the influence of hands-on activities on students' interest. We researched whether students with experience in specific hands-on activities show higher interest in these activities than students without experience. Furthermore, the relationship between the quality of the hands-on experience and interest in the respective activity was examined. In total, 28 typical hands-on activities of biology education were considered. The activities were divided into the categories experimentation, dissection, work with microscopes, and classification. A total of 141 students from the 11th grade completed questionnaires on interest in the hands-on activities, their experience with each activity, and the quality of the respective experience. Students' interest in experimenting, working with microscopes, dissecting and classifying tends to benefit from performing hands-on activities. However, findings indicated that the performance of various hands-on activities can influence students' interest differently. For seven hands-on activities, we identified a positive effect of hands-on experience on interest, while in one case, practical work appeared to have influenced students' interest negatively. However, for most hands-on activities, no effect of experience on interest was found. The quality of hands-on experiences showed positive correlations with interest in the respective hands-on activities. Therefore, this paper argues in favour of designing biology lessons that allow for experiences with hands-on activities that also interest students. Our findings underline the necessity of investigating the effects of various hands-on activities in a differentiated manner.
In dieser Studie wurden die Prävalenzraten von Lernschwächen und Lernstörungen und hierbei auftretende Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Mitte der Grundschulzeit anhand einer großen deutschen Stichprobe (N = 2195) untersucht. Bei Lernschwächen und -störungen treten isolierte oder mehrfache Minderleistungen in den drei basalen schulischen Grundkompetenzen Lesen, Rechtschreiben und Rechnen trotz einer unbeeinträchtigten Intelligenz auf. Die Lernstörung wird hier als eine Untergruppe der Lernschwäche verstanden und liegt nach ICD-10 (WHO, 2005) dann vor, wenn neben der Leistungsabweichung von der Norm zusätzlich eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen der Minderleistung und der Intelligenz eines Kindes besteht (sogenanntes doppeltes Diskrepanzkriterium). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insgesamt bei 23.3 % der Kinder eine Lernschwäche in einem oder mehreren Leistungsbereichen vorliegt. In etwa die Hälfte dieser Kinder verfehlt das zusätzliche Kriterium für eine Lernstörungsdiagnose. Betrachtet man die einzelnen Prävalenzraten für isolierte und multiple Lernschwierigkeiten im Lesen, Rechtschreiben und/oder Rechnen, liegen diese bei den Lernschwächen zwischen 4 und 6 % und bei den Lernstörungen zwischen 2 und 4 %. Deutlich mehr Jungen sind von Lese-Rechtschreib- und deutlich mehr Mädchen von Rechenschwierigkeiten betroffen. In bisher vorgelegten Prävalenzstudien wurden nicht alle basalen Schulleistungen berücksichtigt, sondern nur die jeweils diagnosespezifisch fokussierten Minderleistungen. Dadurch sind das Erkennen mehrfach lernbeeinträchtigter Kinder und eine eindeutige Diagnose nach ICD-10 nicht möglich. In der vorliegenden Studie zeigte sich eine Verdoppelung der Prävalenzraten durch das alleinige Berücksichtigen der diagnosespezifisch relevanten Leistungen. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund der praktischen Relevanz einer ICD-Diagnose und der Bedeutung einer umfassenden Schulleistungsdiagnostik diskutiert.
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