This paper exhibits performance of power of photovoltaic (PV) module in the case of shading effect. A comparison is made with performance of power of PV module void of MPPT solution. From the MATLAB simulation it is found that around 9.92% more average power generation is possible if MPPT (maximum power power point) solution is taken. To take the effect of partial shading a variation of irradiance profile has been proposed since change of irradiance causes the variation of output power to a great extent. Again to observe the performance of output power with MPPT Fuzzy logic control has been introduced for making the tracking fast and accurate. Mamdani control has been chosen as a technique for fuzzy controller. On top of this, mathematical structure of PV module has been prepared in MATLAB simulink to see output preview of PV module and this module has been linked to the fuzzy logic system to trace the peak power. In the simulation process the instantaneous power, average power and percentage power development are being analyzed with figures.

Introduction: Blood transfusion is an indispensable service component of inpatient as well as emergency management of care seeking patients in a hospital. Establishment of criteria for blood transfusion and adherence to such criteria is necessary to reduce blood wastage. It is necessary therefore, to conduct such studies for monitoring and improving transfusion practices as well as to find strategies for such improvement. Aim: To evaluate the pattern and appropriateness of blood and blood components utilisation, the status of transfusion practice in our hospital and assessing the wastage of blood. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective record-based cross-sectional study. The data was collected in January-February 2021, from issue registers of blood bank of Burdwan Medical College and Hospital and also from the blood transfusion registers of the wards of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics, Surgery and Orthopaedics Departments of Burdwan Medical College and Hospital using a pretested, predesigned schedule. For the month, June 2020, representative of the year 2020, details of Whole Blood (WB) and components crossmatched and transfused were noted. Utilisation rate (Units transfused×100/Units crossmatched) and blood utilisation quality indicators {Crossmatch/Transfusion Ratio (CTR=Number of units Crossmatched/Number of units transfused), Transfusion Probability (%T=Number of patients transfused/Number of patients crossmatched × 100), Transfusion Index (TI=Number of units transfused/Number of patients crossmatched)2 and Wastage Rate (WR=Number of blood units discarded/Number of blood units issued x 100)} were computed. Results: Total 1,544 units were crossmatched for 1,324 patients and 1,219 units were transfused to 894 patients. Overall utilisation rate was 78.95%. Department-wise utilisation rates in descending order were paediatrics 98.25% (112/114), Medicine 90% (478/531), Gynaecology and Obstetrics 73.84% (254/344) and Surgery and Orthopaedics 67.57% (375/555) departments respectively. The overall quality indicators of blood utilisation were CTR of 1.27, %T of 67.52%, TI of 0.92 and WR of 21.05%, respectively. Conclusion: Blood transfusion quality indicators demonstrated efficient blood utilisation. One-fifth of the crossmatched blood was not transfused. Non transfused blood units were not returned, resulting in wastage of blood, known as transfusion wastage. The overall utilisation rate was not acceptable. Higher blood wastage could be reduced with evidence-based blood utilisation strategies.

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Background. India is still a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country in the world and risk factors of the disease are also highly prevalent. Survival analysis of TB patients had not been adequately studied, especially in this part of the country. The present study was undertaken to estimate overall survival time of TB patients and to find out association of different co-variates with outcome event (death) and survival time of TB patients. Methods.A record-based retrospective cohort study was conducted in a Tuberculosis Unit of Purba Bardhaman District, West Bengal, India. All registered TB cases in the unit, excluding resistant cases, between October 2010 to March 2016 were included as study subjects (N=3110) and followed up till June 2017 for outcome of interest. Actual data collection and analysis from relevant registers of the Tuberculosis Unit were carried out during June 2017 to November 2017. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Log rank test and Cox proportional hazard model for multivariate analysis were applied.Results. Of 3110 patients, 6.9% (214) had the outcome event of interest (death). The overall mean survival time was 518 days (95% confidence interval 480.9-555.3). Male gender, category II TB, pulmonary TB and TB with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were found to be significant risk factors for death due to TB. Conclusions.Overall survival time was significantly low among males, re-treatment cases, patients with pulmonary TB and patients with HIV co-infection. Awareness generation, adherence to treatment, early diagnosis and treatment are some necessary measures to be properly implemented.

Mortality statistics plays a very important role in creating an information pool about the prevalent diseases in the community.1,2 Life and Death - are two universal events of life with a defined and clear outcome which is easy to understand2 even for people with no medical background. Enumeration of births and deaths in the community within a defined time period helps us to have an idea about the crude birth rate and crude death rate, respectively. In absence of a well developed, reliable health information system, often, these are the only reliable health information available to us.3,4Enumerating the births and deaths in the community has a very long history - both nationally and globally. There is a tradition among Hindus - to record the death of near and dear ones while completing the religious ceremony in memory of the passed ones in Haridwar.5 This provides a geneaology tree of family members died. In Europe, church members used to enumerate the births and deaths in the community and usually considered as a reliable source of information.6,7