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Background: Thyroid lesions are the important clinical problems encountered in most of patients coming to the tertiary care centre. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is the widely accepted diagnostic technique in thyroid lesions. A solitary thyroid nodule is dened as a palpable, single, clinically detectable nodule in the thyroid. They cause more concern because of high probability of malignancy in them, which can range from 5-35% of all solitary thyroid nodules. Nodular lesion comprises those disorders that produce a clinical nodule and consists of non-neoplastic hyperplasia as well as benign and malignant tumors. Aims and Objectives:To study the spectrum of clinical presentation of individuals with thyroid lesions and cytomorphological features. Material and methods: A retrospective study was carried out in cytopathology section in Department of Pathology from January 2015 to December 2017. Total 212 patients with palpable thyroid swelling referred from the OPD of J.A hospital for FNAC were included in the study. The smears made from the aspirate were air dried and stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain. Result: The present study was carried out in the Department of Pathology from January 2015 to December 2017. Out of 212 cases most common thyroid lesion was Colloid goitre 35.38%(n=75) followed by Colloid goitre with cystic changes 19.81%(n=42), Follicular Neoplasm 19.34%(n=41), Hashimoto thyroiditis 7.55%(n=16), Colloid cyst 6.13%(n=13), Infected cystic lesion 2.83%(n=6), Benign hyperplasia of thyroid 2.36%(n=5), Adenomatoid goitre 1.89%(n=4), Thyroglossal cyst 1.89%(n=4), Granulomatous thyroiditis 1.41%(n=3), Papillary thyroid carcinoma 0.94%(n=2) and least common was Lymphoma of thyroid 0.47%(n=1). Conclusion: FNAC is almost an accurate technique in diagnosis of palpable and overt thyroid lesions. Thyroid lesions are more common in females than males. Colloid goitre is the commonest thyroid lesion.

INTRODUCTION: hemolytic disease of newborn; also known as erythroblastosis fetalis, is an preventable blood group disorder that occurs when the blood types of mother and fetus are incompatible. A prospective study was MATERIAL AND METHOD: carried out on the cases suffering with HDN in the year 2018-2020 in the Blood Bank of the Department of Pathology, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior. The affected cases were given double volume exchange transfusion by reconstituted blood or whole blood and the outcome was studied. 150 cases of HDN RESULT: were studied out of which RhD HDN was found to be the most common cause seen in 61.3% and exchange transfusion by reconstituted blood was found to be an effective therapy. The reconstituted blood is found to be immunologicall CONCLUSION: y much safer and better than whole blood for purpose of exchange transfusion in hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn because of its superiority in minimizing transfusion reactions and in achieving all the therapeutic effects of exchange transfusion in better way.