Although climate change models predict relatively modest increases in temperature in the tropics by the end of the century, recent analyses identify tropical ectotherms as the organisms most at risk from climate warming. Because metabolic rate in ectotherms increases exponentially with temperature, even a small rise in temperature poses a physiological threat to tropical ectotherms inhabiting an already hot environment. If correct, the metabolic theory of climate warming has profound implications for global biodiversity, since tropical insects and arachnids constitute the vast majority of animal species. Predicting how climate change will translate into fitness consequences for tropical arthropods requires an understanding of the effects of temperature increase on the entire life history of the species. Here, in a comprehensive case study of the fitness consequences of the projected temperature increase for the tropics, we conducted a split-brood experiment on the neotropical pseudoscorpion, Cordylochernes scorpioides, in which 792 offspring from 33 females were randomly assigned at birth to control-and high-temperature treatments for rearing through the adult stage. The diurnally varying, control treatment temperature was determined from long-term, average daily temperature minima and maxima in the pseudoscorpion's native habitat. In the high temperature treatment, increasing temperature by the 3.5°C predicted for the tropics significantly reduced survival and accelerated development at the cost of reduced adult size and a dramatic decrease in level of sexual dimorphism. The most striking effects, however, involved reproductive traits. Reared at high temperature, males produced 45% as many sperm as control males, and females failed to reproduce. Sequencing of the mitochondrial ND2 gene revealed two highly divergent haplogroups that differed substantially in developmental rate and survivorship but not in reproductive response to high temperature. Our findings suggest that reproduction may be the Achilles' heel of tropical ectotherms, as climate warming subjects them to an increasingly adverse thermal environment.

KMC was found to be safe, effective and feasible method of care of LBWI even in the NICU settings. Positive attitudes were observed in mothers, families and HCW.

Renal failure and uremic encephalopathy are rare findings in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Thrombocytopenia is also an unusual manifestation of P. vivax malaria. This report highlights the occurrence of these rare manifestations in an 8-year-old boy who presented to us with fever, rash and progressive deterioration of renal functions.

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of nerolidol on the development of kindling and associate oxidative stress and behavioral comorbidities. Kindling was induced by repeated injections of a sub-convulsive dose of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ-35 mg/kg; i.p.), at an interval of 48 ± 2 h for 43 days (21 injections). Nerolidol was administered daily in three doses (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) along with alternate day PTZ injection. To access behavioral comorbidities, animals were subjected to tail suspension test (TST) and passive shock avoidance (PSA) test to evaluate the associated depression and memory impairment respectively on the last day of PTZ administration. Following behavioral assessment, neurotransmitter level and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in brain. The results showed that nerolidol significantly suppressed the progression of kindling. Also, nerolidol ameliorates the kindling associated depression and memory impairment as indicated by decreased immobility time and increased step down latency, respectively, as compared to vehicle control animals. Further, these behavioral observations were complimented with corresponding neurochemical and oxidative stress markers changes. In conclusion, the results of present study showed that nerolidol treatment has protective effect against PTZ-induced kindling and associated oxidative stress and behavioral comorbidities.

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are autonomous and decentralized wireless systems. Mobile Ad hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes in which the wireless links are frequently broken down due to mobility and dynamic infrastructure. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks. Many Routing protocols have been proposed so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. This research paper describes the characteristics of ad hoc routing protocols Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Optimized link State Routing (OLSR), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) based on the performance metrics like packet delivery fraction, Average delay, Normalized Routing load, Throughput and Jitter under low mobility and low traffic network as well as under high mobility and high traffic network. Results show that AODV has maximum throughput under low traffic and DSDV has maximum throughput under high traffic. As network becomes dense OLSR, DSR and DSDV perform well in terms of Throughput than AODV and TORA. TORA performs well in dense networks in terms of packet delivery fraction but at the same time Normalized Routing load of TORA is maximum among all the protocols in both the networks. DSDV has least Normalized Routing load in both low and high traffic. OLSR and DSDV give the least Jitter and Average Delay in both networks.