Introduction: Down syndrome is the most common congenital chromosomal disorder. In terms of genetic causes of mental impairment, this condition is the most prevalent. The typical characteristics of students with intellectual disability, such as down syndrome are limited attention span and motor skills. Attention is the first stage in information processing. It collects parts of the environmental information for later processing.  However, there are dearth of studies which compares attention span of down syndrome children with healthy children of same age group.     Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the attention span of down syndrome children and comparing their attention span with healthy children of same age group. Materials and methods: The present study had a cross-sectional comparative research design. 20 subjects were taken conveniently which included 10 down syndrome and 10 healthy children (8-14 years old). The attention span was measured by using Stroop color and word test and analyzed with independent t-test. Results: Independent t-test indicated a significant difference between the attention span of down syndrome and healthy children. Conclusion: This research evaluated that down syndrome children have less attention span than healthy children of same age group. Therefore, down syndrome children need more attention training. Keywords: Attention span, Down syndrome, healthy children, Comparison.

Background: Coronary artery bypass surgery is one of the widely used treatment as every year more than 1 million coronary artery bypass surgery procedure are performed around the world. The patients who have CABG are prone to pulmonary complications. Pulmonary complications are highly common after the CABG and the incidence is between 30% and 60%. These complications are the most significant contributor to morbidity, mortality and expenses associated with the hospitalization. Development of pulmonary complication is associated with impaired oxygenation and inconsistencies in gas exchange. Respiratory physiotherapy plays a vital role in postoperative CABG status. The interventions such as postoperative breathing exercises, effective coughing techniques, incentive spirometer and active cycle of breathing technique are used to limit lung volume decreases and atelectasis and to increase oxygenation after surgery. Objective: To find out the immediate effect of incentive spirometer, breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique on respiratory parameters and postoperative pulmonary complications in CABG patients. Study selection: This narrative review is conducted on databases from Pub med, Google scholar, ResearchGate and Cochrane library in Nov 2022. This review included 10 studies on the effect of incentive spirometer, breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique after CABG. Conclusion: It is concluded that incentive spirometer, breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique are effective in reducing postoperative pulmonary complications. But there are less studies which compares the two different type of  spirometer i.e. flow incentive spirometer and volume incentive spirometer in CABG patients and also there is no specific treatment protocol  for CABG patients. Hence, in order to establish a definitive protocol in patients with CABG, there is need to compare the effect of flow incentive spirometer and volume incentive spirometer along with breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique.

Verucae or plantar warts is a painful skin condition that demonstrates a high resistance to various treatments. They can be caused by trauma or human papilloma virus. The infection is mostly caused by a breach in the skin. The virus is usually contacted by walking barefoot in community swimming pool areas. The condition is common in sports persons. Our research focused on warts that occur on plantar surface of foot also known as plantar warts. They result in pain with pressure on weight bearing surfaces so walking is difficult and painful. Risk factors include using community showers barefoot, previous history of warts and decreased immune function. Case Report: We present a case report of a female aged 24 years who was clinically diagnosed with plantar wart. She developed recurrent plantar warts. For a year she was treated with pairing and punch excision with no success. Then ultrasound program was initiated with dosage of 0.6 watt /cm2 and increased up to 1 watt/cm2 for 15 min given at 1-week interval for 15 weeks. At the end of 15th week, the plantar wart had completely disappeared.

Introduction: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease which hampers the physical activity of an individual due to presence of pain, stiffness and fatigue. As it is progressive in nature, regular exercise of sufficient intensity is needed to maintain muscle strength. Aim: To find the effectiveness of hand strengthening exercise programme with therapeutic putty on grip strength and functional movement in chronic rheumatoid hand. Materials and Methods: A total of 206 female patients of chronic RA female patients were randomly divided in two groups- control and experimental groups and data. Control group received care which included active hand exercises with hot water fomentation while experimental group received strengthening exercises with therapeutic putty and hot water fomentation. Grip strength was measured by hand dynamometer, key pinch strength of dominant hand was measured by digital pinch meter, pain severity was assessed by Brief pain inventory scale and hand function was measured by SF-SACRAH (Score for Assessment and Quantification of Chronic Rheumatic Affections of Hands) at 0 week, after 4 week, 8 week and 12 week for both groups. Treatment effects were compared by one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis. The results were analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Results: After 12 weeks of exercise programme, a significant improvement (p<0.01 and p<0.005) were observed in all outcome measures of hand function including reduction in pain severity score from baseline in experimental group. While in control group there was no significant changes in all four parameters from baseline to after 12 week exercise programme. Conclusion: A significant improvement was seen in experimental group as compared to control group after hand strengthening exercise protocol using therapeutic putty suggesting that, hand strengthening exercise programme by using therapeutic putty is effective in chronic RA hand.