Introduction: Down syndrome is the most common congenital chromosomal disorder. In terms of genetic causes of mental impairment, this condition is the most prevalent. The typical characteristics of students with intellectual disability, such as down syndrome are limited attention span and motor skills. Attention is the first stage in information processing. It collects parts of the environmental information for later processing.  However, there are dearth of studies which compares attention span of down syndrome children with healthy children of same age group.     Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the attention span of down syndrome children and comparing their attention span with healthy children of same age group. Materials and methods: The present study had a cross-sectional comparative research design. 20 subjects were taken conveniently which included 10 down syndrome and 10 healthy children (8-14 years old). The attention span was measured by using Stroop color and word test and analyzed with independent t-test. Results: Independent t-test indicated a significant difference between the attention span of down syndrome and healthy children. Conclusion: This research evaluated that down syndrome children have less attention span than healthy children of same age group. Therefore, down syndrome children need more attention training. Keywords: Attention span, Down syndrome, healthy children, Comparison.

Background: Coronary artery bypass surgery is one of the widely used treatment as every year more than 1 million coronary artery bypass surgery procedure are performed around the world. The patients who have CABG are prone to pulmonary complications. Pulmonary complications are highly common after the CABG and the incidence is between 30% and 60%. These complications are the most significant contributor to morbidity, mortality and expenses associated with the hospitalization. Development of pulmonary complication is associated with impaired oxygenation and inconsistencies in gas exchange. Respiratory physiotherapy plays a vital role in postoperative CABG status. The interventions such as postoperative breathing exercises, effective coughing techniques, incentive spirometer and active cycle of breathing technique are used to limit lung volume decreases and atelectasis and to increase oxygenation after surgery. Objective: To find out the immediate effect of incentive spirometer, breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique on respiratory parameters and postoperative pulmonary complications in CABG patients. Study selection: This narrative review is conducted on databases from Pub med, Google scholar, ResearchGate and Cochrane library in Nov 2022. This review included 10 studies on the effect of incentive spirometer, breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique after CABG. Conclusion: It is concluded that incentive spirometer, breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique are effective in reducing postoperative pulmonary complications. But there are less studies which compares the two different type of  spirometer i.e. flow incentive spirometer and volume incentive spirometer in CABG patients and also there is no specific treatment protocol  for CABG patients. Hence, in order to establish a definitive protocol in patients with CABG, there is need to compare the effect of flow incentive spirometer and volume incentive spirometer along with breathing exercise and active cycle of breathing technique.