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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the pneumatization of the articular tubercle (PAT) and glenoid fossa (PGF) concerning the sex, laterality and locularity in a sample of Egyptian population using CBCT images.Subjects and methods: 210 CBCT scans (74 males and 136 females) were assessed retrospectively by an oral and maxillofacial radiologist. The presence of pneumatization was identified bilaterally on a serial of reformatted sagittal cuts at the articu lar tubercle and the roof of the glenoid fossa. Age and sex for all patients were recorded as well as the type and laterality for the pneumatiza tion cases.Results: 19.1 % of the scans exhibited PAT and 35.24% exhibited PGF. Of the scans found with PAT, 50% were unilateral (20% on the right and 30% on the left) and 50% were bilateral. Moreover, 15 of the PAT cases were unilocular and 28 were multilocular with 3 cases showing different locularity between sides. For PGF, 41.9% of the PGF cases were unilateral (13.5% on the right and 28.4% on the left) and 58.1% were bilateral. Only 16 of the PGF cases were unilocular, while 61 were multilocular with 3 cases also showing different locularity between sides. There was no significant difference between both sexes regarding the PAT or PGF prevalence, laterality or locularity. Conclusion:In the studied sample, the prevalence of PAT and PGF was 19.1 and 35.24% respectively. The prevalence was not linked to sex or laterality or locularity.

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Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the most used advanced digital dental imaging modality. It is designed for dentistry and its use is recommended in multiple dental specialties. One of its most common uses is in the field of dental implants where it is a useful preoperative tool for multiple purposes, including the evaluation of bone quantity and quality.Although there may be a wide acceptance of CBCT-based bone quantity assessment, there is a debate about the reliability of bone CBCT-based quality assessment. This is because CBCT measurements are based on the grayscale value rather than the true Hounsfield units (HU) or Computed Tomography (CT) numbers. The present review is a simplified approach to explain the inherent problems of CBCT regarding bone quality assessment and the proposed protocols to deal with the related limitations. Different techniques for numerical density assessment are presented. Also, supplementation with the visual technique for bone quality assessment is discussed.