, 47 (rentang: 281,97-3567,28) pg/mL, sedangkan sesudah terapi adalah 1055,17 ± 1172,78 (rentang: 129,79-4272,66) pg/mL. Kadar VEGF pada pasien sebelum terapi metildopa 500 mg adalah 1194,29 ± 1254,68 (rentang: 175,68-3432,01) pg/mL, sedangkan sesudah terapi adalah 510,66 ± 379,61 (rentang: 214,34-1236,16) 1178.37(281.97-3567.28) pg/mL and 1055.17 (129.79-4272.66) pg/mL, respectively. VEGF levels in severe pre-eclampsia patients were 1194.29 (175.68-3432.01) pg/mL at before treatment and 510.66 (214.34-1236.16)

Persalinan dan pelahiran dapat menimbulkan nyeri. Penanganan nyeri harus dikontrol secara adekuat agar nyeri tersebut tidak berubah menjadi nyeri kronis, sehingga tidak berdampak negatif terhadap morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu hamil. Nyeri tersebut dapat ditangani dengan analgesik. Konsumsi obat tersebut dapat terdistribusi ke ASI yang mengganggu proses menyusui. Oleh karena itu penggunaannya perlu diperhatikan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penggunaan analgesik pada ibu pasca melahirkan yang meliputi penggunaan obat analgesik, intensitas nyeri pada pasien pasca melahirkan, dan efektivitas obat analgesik pada pasien pasca melahirkan di RSU Bunda Purwokerto periode Januari-Maret 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian noneksperimental dengan desain penelitian deskriptif observasional. Pengambilan data secara prospektif dengan sumber data penelitian yang digunakan yaitu hasil rekam medik dan penilaian nyeri menggunakan Visual Analog Scale. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel yang digunakan yaitu 50. Analisis hasil dalam bentuk persentase yang disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan gambar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan obat analgesik yang paling banyak digunakan pada ibu pasca melahirkan normal yaitu asam mefenamat tablet dan pasca sectio caesarea yaitu ketoprofen suppositoriaI. Intensitas nyeri pada pasien pasca melahirkan berada di kategori nyeri sedang dan obat analgesik yang digunakan efektif untuk mengatasi nyeri pasca melahirkan.

Clonorchiasis is a parasitic infection caused by food borne trematode, Clonorchis sinensis that is mainly prevalent in Asian countries, including South Korea, China, northern Vietnam, Japan, as well as far-eastern Russia, in which over 35 million people are the casualties. Clonorchiasis is characterized by the development of hepatic fibrosis. Upon chronic liver injury following the C. sinensis infection, hepatic fibrosis develops into cholangiocarcinoma with a concomitant genetic and epigenetic mutations. Cholangiocarcinoma represents important clinical manifestation of C. sinensis infection and causes high rate of morbidity. TGF- β/Smad signalling is known to initiate hepatic fibrosis following the hepatic injury. However, little is known about the role of TGF- β/Smad signalling during C. sinensis induced hepatic injury and the underlying contribution of TGF- β/Smad signalling in the development of cholangicarcinoma. The expression dynamic of TGF-β/Smad signalling and their role in the development of hepatic fibrosis in C. sinensis infected BALB/c mice have been investigated. Concomitantly but irrespective to C. sinensis infection, the role of hepatic epithelial TGF-β during hepatic fibrosis and the development of cholangiocarcinoma arising from hepatic epithelial cells have also been dissected. Both findings will be reviewed in this paper. Thereby, the link between TGF-β/Smad signalling, hepatic fibrosis during C sinensis infection, and cholangiocarcinoma could be drawn clearly.Keywords: Clonorchis sinensis, TGF-β/Smad signalling, Hepatic fibrosis, Cholangiocarcinoma

The government has implemented the Healthy Living Community Movement (GERMAS) program through promotion of the pharmaceutical sector related to drug storage at home. However, there are still many problems in storing household medicines in the community. This activity was carried out through a community empowerment approach using the community capacity building method for a community organization, Aisyiyah, which consists of Muslim women in the Grendeng village, Purwokerto. This activity ws carried out in stages, namely pre-test methods, lectures, group teaching, self-empowerment through peer teaching and training, and measuring the success of activities using post-tests. Based on the whole series of activities, the knowledge of partners about storing medicines at home has increased in a good category.

Background: COVID-19 occurs in various countries and has been declared a pandemic by WHO. Multiple efforts have been made to reduce the number of cases of COVID-19. However, the incidence of COVID–19 continues to increase, along with control efforts carried out by various parties, causing overclaims for the prevention or treatment of COVID–19. Objective This study aimed to determine the relationship between knowledge and public perception of the behavior of implementing the COVID-19 prevention protocol in Central Java Province. Methods: This cross-sectional study used primary data collected online via WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, and Facebook in December 2020. A total of 1,098 of 1,115 respondents passed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Backward Elimination is used to determine factors related to behavior in the multivariable model stage using multiple logistic regression. Results: The knowledge, perception, and behaviors prevalence of implementing COVID-19 prevention protocols were good & enough 79.1% (95% CI 76.63 – 81.45), 96.6% (95% CI 95.38 – 97.55), and 92.3% (95% CI 90.62 – 93.78) respectively. The result revealed that Knowledge (adjOR = 2.034, 95% CI 1.253 - 3.302, P = 0.004) and Perception (adjOR = 4.064, 95% CI 1.859 - 8.882, P = < 0.001) were possibly associated with behaviors of implementing COVID-19 prevention protocols among communities in Central Java Province. Conclusion This study found a slight prevalence of good & enough knowledge, perception, and behaviors of implementing COVID-19 prevention protocols in a representative sample among Communities in Central Java Province. Knowledge and perceptions were statistically significant with behaviors.