Nanoparticles are recently playing a potential role in improving drug uptake and the treatment of diseases. A variety of nanoparticles, such as selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as drug carriers in various ways for treatment of cancers and liver diseases. Our aim in this study is to investigate the ability of AgNPs and SeNPs to target and treat the viral and bacterial infection of the liver in rats and cell lines. For assessment of antioxidant activity of

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a global gastrointestinal disorder closely related to psychological stress exposure and local colonic inflammation. Herein, we investigated the effect of wrap‐restraint stress (WRS) on rat behavior, on adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase–mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin–signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (AMPK–mTOR–STAT3) signaling, and autophagy in colonic mucosa. The impact of chronic administration of vitamin D3 and lactoferrin was compared. Twenty‐four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Chronic WRS protocol was applied as a rodent model of IBS. Group I: naïve animals, Group II: WRS animals, Group III: WRS‐exposed and treated with vitamin D3 (500 IU/kg/day), and Group IV: WRS‐exposed and treated with lactoferrin (300 mg/kg/day). In this study, we found that chronic administration of each of vitamin D3 and lactoferrin resulted in a significant increase in social interaction test, interleukin‐10, AMPK, optical density of LC3B, goblet cell count and marked decrease in serum cortisol level, STAT3, inflammatory cell count, and optical density of mTOR in comparison to the WRS rats. Our findings suggest that both vitamin D3 and Lactoferrin could augment colonic autophagy through enhanced AMPK expression and inhibition of mTOR–STAT3 signaling, which offers practical insights into their clinical use in the prevention and therapy of IBS. However, lactoferrin intake as a nutritional supplement could be more helpful for stress‐induced colitis treatment than vitamin D3.

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