The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following single intramuscular (IM) administration in six healthy male buffalo calves.Cefquinome was administered intramuscularly (2 mg/kg bodyweight) and blood samples were collected prior to drug administration and up to 24 hr after injection. No adverse effects or changes were observed after the IM injection of cefquinome.Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The disposition of plasma cefquinome is characterized by a monocompartmental open model. The pharmacokinetic parameters after IM administration (mean ± SE) were C max 6.93 ± 0.58 μg/ml, T max 0.5 hr, t ½kα 0.16 ± 0.05 hr, t ½β 3.73 ± 0.10 hr, and AUC 28.40 ± 1.30 μg hr/ml after IM administration. A dosage regimen of 2 mg/kg bodyweight at 24-hr interval following IM injection of cefquinome would maintain the plasma levels required to be effective against the bacterial pathogens with MIC values ≤0.39 μg/ml. The suggested dosage regimen of cefquinome has to be validated in the disease models before recommending for clinical use in buffalo calves.
The LC-MS method used for the quantification of articaine and its metabolite articainic acid in the plasma of red deer was simple, accurate and sensitive. Articaine hydrochloride was rapidly absorbed, hydrolysed to its inactive metabolite articainic acid, and eliminated following S/C administration as a ring block in red deer. These favourable pharmacokinetic properties suggest that articaine hydrochloride should be tested for efficacy as a local anaesthetic in red deer for removal of velvet antlers. Further studies to evaluate the safety and residues of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid are required before articaine can be recommended for use as a local anaesthetic for this purpose.
Supplementary Figure 1. Representative chromatograms and the mass spectra of (a) drugfree antler, drug-free antler spiked with (b) lignocaine (5 ng/g), (c) articaine (50 ng/g), (d) articainic acid (100 ng/g), (e) monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) (100 ng/g), (f) 2,6dimethylaniline (DMA) (100 ng/g), and antler samples obtained following ring block of (g) 4 % articaine hydrochloride and (h) 2% lignocaine hydrochloride in red deer (Cervus elaphus). a 1The content of this supplementary information has not been edited. All risk and liability rest with the authors.
Lincomycin 10 mg kg(-1), IV in buffalo calves followed two-compartment open model with high distribution rate constant α (11.2 ± 0.42 h(-1)) and K 12/K 21 ratio (4.40 ± 0.10). Distribution half-life was 0.06 ± 0.01 h and AUC was 41.6 ± 1.73 μg mL(-1) h. Large Vdarea (1.15 ± 0.03 L kg(-1)) indicated good distribution of lincomycin in various body fluids and tissues. Peak plasma level of lincomycin (71.8 ± 1.83 μg mL(-1)) was observed at 1 min as expected by IV route. The elimination half-life and MRT of lincomycin were short (3.30 ± 0.08 and 4.32 ± 0.11 h, respectively). Lincomycin 10 mg kg(-1) IV at 12-h interval would be sufficient to maintain T > MIC above 60 % for bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ≤1.6 μg mL(-1). Favourable pharmacokinetic profile in buffalo calves and a convenient dosing interval suggest that lincomycin may be an appropriate antibacterial in buffalo species for gram-positive and anaerobic bacterial pathogens susceptible to lincomycin.
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