Skimmin is the major pharmacologically active component present in Hydrangea paniculata, in the traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent, and its anti-inflammation and anti-diabetic effect has had been studied in previous studies. The metabolism of glucose plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Therefore, it was identified as an important target for improving diabetic. Herein, we found that skimmin relieved the palmitic acid and high-fat and high sugar-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, skimmin enhanced the glucose uptake via inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing the level of inflammatory correlation factor. Meanwhile, skimmin reduced the glucose output by promoting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and down-regulating the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3b (GSK3b) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). In conclusion, skimmin can improve the insulin resistance by increasing glucose uptake and decreasing glucose output in vitro and in vivo.

Significance and Impact of the Study: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infectious disease of the female external reproductive tract, caused by the ecological imbalance in the vagina due to the influence of various pathogenic factors, which brings harm to women's physical and mental health. However, the availability of drugs is limited and the frequency of drug-resistant Candida isolates is increasing. It is urgent to find new drugs or effective treatment strategies. We found that Kangfuxin liquid (KFX) can be used to treat VVC by reducing mycelial growth and boosting immunity, which presents a new clinical alternative.

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In present work, we have explored an efficient Cu-catalyzed Ullmann-type C-O coupling methodology of o-haloanilides. This method could regioselectively achieve 2-ethoxylation of 2-Br/I picolinamides in ethanol using Cu(OAc)2 as a convenient catalyst with picolinamide as the directing group and intramolecular ligand, which is characterized by additional ligand-free, good regioselectivity, and high yields.