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This article argues that performance legitimacy, an aspect of state legitimacy neglected by Weber in his original formulation of the theory of domination, played a particularly important role in the history of China and has shaped not only the patterns of Chinese history but also today's Chinese politics. Yet, performance legitimacy is intrinsically unstable because it carries concrete promises and therefore will trigger immediate political crisis when the promises are unfulfilled. This problem is especially profound for a modern state once its power is based primarily on performance because modern states tend to be development rather than maintenance oriented and promise too much. Therefore, although the current government expends much effort to heighten its legitimacy by improving its performance, it will face a major crisis when the Chinese economy cools off unless it establishes legal-electoral legitimacy.

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It is widely claimed that radical anti-US nationalism has become dominant in China, especially among young students. Based on a survey of 1,211 students and interviews with 62 informants conducted in three elite Beijing universities about four months after the US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, this article shows that most students believed that the embassy bombing was a deliberate action and that their anger towards the bombing incident was genuine. Yet, contrary to initial expectations, the study also shows that the anger expressed by the students during the anti-US demonstrations was more a momentary outrage than a reflection of a long-term development of popular anti-US nationalism, that Beijing students saw the United States more as a superpower than as an enemy, and that they considered "to counteract US hegemony" the least important among the eight national goal statements that were provided. The findings demonstrate that, at least among China's elite student population, a population that has always been at the forefront of Chinese politics in the 20th century, there is no domination of anti-US nationalism.

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