The Pseudomonas syringae-Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) interaction is an extensively studied plant-pathogen system. Arabidopsis possesses approximately 150 putative resistance genes encoding nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain-containing proteins. The majority of these belong to the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR (TNL) class. Comparative studies with the coiled-coil-NBS-LRR genes RPS2, RPM1, and RPS5 and isogenic P. syringae strains expressing single corresponding avirulence genes have been particularly fruitful in dissecting specific and common resistance signaling components. However, the major TNL class is represented by a single known P. syringae resistance gene, RPS4. We previously identified hopA1 from P. syringae pv syringae strain 61 as an avirulence gene that signals through ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1, indicating that the corresponding resistance gene RPS6 belongs to the TNL class. Here we report the identification of RPS6 based on a forward-genetic screen and map-based cloning. Among resistance proteins of known function, the deduced amino acid sequence of RPS6 shows highest similarity to the TNL resistance protein RAC1 that determines resistance to the oomycete pathogen Albugo candida. Similar to RPS4 and other TNL genes, RPS6 generates alternatively spliced transcripts, although the alternative transcript structures are RPS6 specific. We previously characterized SRFR1 as a negative regulator of avrRps4-triggered immunity. Interestingly, mutations in SRFR1 also enhanced HopA1-triggered immunity in rps6 mutants. In conclusion, the cloning of RPS6 and comparisons with RPS4 will contribute to a closer dissection of the TNL resistance pathway in Arabidopsis.
Implementation of a standard protocol for urine culture follow-up and discontinuation of unnecessary antibiotics was both effective and safe in a high-volume pediatric urgent care network. Urine culture follow-up management is an essential opportunity for improved antimicrobial stewardship in the outpatient setting that will affect many patients by avoiding a substantial number of antibiotic days.
In an approach toward the development of ecofriendly antifungal compounds for controlling major foliar fungal diseases of tea, ethanol and aqueous extracts of 30 plants belonging to 20 different families collected from sub-Himalayan West Bengal (India) were tested against the pathogens Pestalotiopsis theae (Saw.) Stey., Colletotrichum camelliae Mess., Curvularia eragrostidis (P. Hennings) Meyer, and Botryodiplodia theobromae Patouiilard. Spore germination technique was followed for evaluation of antifungal properties. Results showed that ethanol and aqueous extracts of Allium sativum L., Datura metel L., Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Zingiber officinale Rosc., Smilax zeylanica L., Azadirachta indica, A. Joss. and Curcuma longa L. recorded 100% inhibition of spore germination. The antifungal component from these plants may be used in developing novel fungicides for tea gardens.
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