No abstract

Air quality index (AQI) also known as air pollution index (API) is the way of describing ambient air quality to assess the health risk associated with pollution. With the advent of time, there have been several air quality indexing systems starting from the first air Quality Index developed in 1966 by Marvin H. Green and various modifications have been made ever since to improve the accuracy of measurement. Such systems can assess the air quality by several factors like the concentration of different pollutants or by various empirically established formulas based on past experiences. In this review article, an effort has been made to chronologically evaluate the AQI system developed across the world from 1966 to 2021. Every indexing system has its own unique method for air quality determination and each method has its own merits and demerits. This pape rcovers various parameters, empirical relationships, standards, merits, and demerits, which in hind sight will help to develop an amalgamation of various indexing systems that can be used as a standard method for monitoring the quality of air. This paper also covers the AQI systems that prevail in India. A fuzzy logic system is very helpful in handling the uncertainty in air quality assessment. So, fuzzy-based air quality indexing systems developed from 2010 to 2017 have also been reviewed. The review of articles established that the results obtained through fuzzybased AQI aremore reliable than the other methods. Out of all the above describing methods, fuzzy synthetic evaluation-based AQI system and fuzzy air quality health index (FAQHI) are more powerful tools to describe the air quality. But till 2017, thereis no development of AQI systems based on fuzzy logic, considering PM2.5 as one of the pollutants. So, there is a need to develop the fuzzy-based AQI system considering PM2.5 as a pollutant with other air pollutants.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Water found one of the important physical environments of human and has a direct behavior on the health and hygiene of mankind. There is no denying the fact that the contamination of water leads to numerous health hazards. The facility of safe and adequate drinking water to the growing urban population continues to be one of the major challenging tasks for any state. In India, according to the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD); continuous potable water supply to every households are directly related with the Service Level Benchmark (SLB) of the city.</p> <p>This study is applied research and it designs and builds a detail project report for 24x7 water supply system at Sabarmati and old Wadaj ward of Ahmedabad city. It includes feasibility study; software based hydraulic design, operation and maintenance strategy and economic feasibility for the project by studies of research paper, case study, census data, need and demand of the future. The present water supply practice is non-confirming to designed hydraulic parameters, and also the system is severely affected insufficient hydraulics, leading to many of the current critical issues which keep the Local Authorities in an evitable brutal circle. Using data from the local government body, the papers presents the condition of intermittent water supply network and compare it with continuous water supply system of selected District Metering Area (DMA) of Ahmedabad in Gujarat (India).</p>

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Being a developing nation, India is facing an array of problems owing to the huge population shift from rural to urban areas, thereby leading to an increasing urbanisation trend since the 1980s. As a result, the process of urban planning in India is extremely tedious and requires lots of manual intervention. Although the recent developments in GIS have immensely helped urban planners, extensive ground survey is still a big challenge in the context of Indian cities. In this work, the study area has been chosen as Mehmedabad which is a Tier-3 city in the state of Gujarat. A rigorous grass root oriented ground survey involving each and every household of Mehmedabad has been utilised for both requirement elicitation and site-suitability purposes. With the aid of both 2D and 3D GIS, a city development plan has been proposed for the year 2031. The planning process incorporated population projection, water supply demand, sewage discharge and road network analysis for building robust development control regulations which were essential to improve the socio-economic aspects of Mehmedabad. Additionally, cost estimations for each of the proposed sectors have been carried out so as to maintain an appropriate budget for uplifting the existing infrastructures of the city.</p>