INTRODUCTION: The Thyroid gland is unique among the endocrine glands. It is the largest of all the endocrine glands and it is supercial in location. It is the only gland which is easily approachable to direct physical, cytological and histopathological examination. The thyroid gland is affected by a variety of pathological lesions that are manifested by various morphologies including developmental, inammatory, hyperplastic and neoplastic pathology which are quiet common in the clinical practice. AIM OFTHE STUDY:In this study, we aimed to assess the cytological ndings of palpable thyroid nodules in conjunction with thyroid hormonal prole of the patient. To study the incidence in relevance to age, sex in various categories of thyroid lesions. MATERIALS & METHODS: Study Design: Institutional based Cross-sectional Study. Duration of study: January 2019 to August 2020. Source of data: Patients presenting to the OPD and admitted in the In-patient ward at Darbhanga Medical College, Bihar. Place of study: Department of Pathology, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Laheriasarai, Bihar. Sample Size: 60 patients of enlarged thyroid gland. RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS: We found that the 53.3% Patients are in euthyroid state. Nodular goitre is the most common nding. In the present study among 60 patients, Nodular goiter accounts for 83.3 % of all cases; 41.7% of them were in euthyroid state, 21.7 % in hypothyroid state , 8.3 % in subclinical hypothyroid and remaining 11.7 % in hyperthyroid state . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: FNAC together with thyroid function test (TFT) analysis leads to early and accurate diagnosis of various thyroid diseases and reduces surgical intervention. The study showed that FNAcytologic diagnosis cannot be used to predict thyroid function using total serum T4, T3 and TSH concentrations. Measurement of TSH, free T4, and free T3 would be preferable

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is the commonest endocrine disorder in population. This clinical syndrome is due to either absolute or relative insulin deciency. Currently number of diabetics worldwide is 422 million. In India the projected increase is from 20 to 62 million, The term diabetes is derived from Greek words Dia meaning “through”, and Bainein meaning “to go”. This disease causes loss of weight as if the body mass is passed through urine. It is a disease known from ancient times. Charaka in his treatise, elaborated this disorder as “Madhumeha” (meaning sweet urine) around 400 BC. Aim & Objective: The level of fasting insulin and serum c-peptide in individual with high BMI /sedentary life style; newly diagnosed cases of hypertension / type2 DM; and old cases of diabetes mellitus. Raised level of serum insulin and c-peptide as a cause of progressive diabetes which can lead to cardiovascular complications and help to prepare patient. Materials And Methods: It is an observational cross sectional study done in the diabetic outpatient clinic of our hospital. 60 diabetic patients were evaluated for fasting plasma glucose level, post prandial glucose level, Glycosalated haemoglobin HbA1c, fasting Insulin and fasting C-peptide level. Results And Analysis: From the above table it was inferred that there is very strong positive correlation of HbA1c with C-PEPTIDE and INSULIN ( r > 0.7 and p value = .000 ). From the table it is inferred that there is a very strong positive correlation of INSULIN with C-PEPTIDE ( r > 0.7 and p value =.000 ). From table it is inferred that C-PEPTIDE has a strong negative correlation with SBPand DBP. (r value > 0.7 and p = .000 ). From table it is inferred that INSULIN has a strong negative correlation with SBPand DBP. ( r value > 0.7 and p =.000). Summary & Conclusion: The level of serum insulin and c-peptide is found to be higher in “newly diagnosed” cases than that of “old diagnosed” cases and this can be explained by the fact that treatment modies the course of disease and slows its progression. With passage of duration, hypertension starts to build up in established cases of diabetes. C-peptide and serum insulin testing should be done in patients with poor blood glucose control to decide treatment modalities and to create awareness about lifestyle modications and education to Prevent progression of prediabetic stage to diabetic and further to its complicated stage.