AimsThe impact of exercise training on the right heart and pulmonary circulation has not yet been invasively assessed in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right heart failure. This prospective randomized controlled study investigates the effects of exercise training on peak VO2/kg, haemodynamics, and further clinically relevant parameters in PH patients.Methods and resultsEighty-seven patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and inoperable chronic thrombo-embolic PH (54% female, 56 ± 15 years, 84% World Health Organization functional class III/IV, 53% combination therapy) on stable disease-targeted medication were randomly assigned to a control and training group. Medication remained unchanged during the study period. Non-invasive assessments and right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise were performed at baseline and after 15 weeks. Primary endpoint was the change in peak VO2/kg. Secondary endpoints included changes in haemodynamics. For missing data, multiple imputation and responder analyses were performed. The study results showed a significant improvement of peak VO2/kg in the training group (difference from baseline to 15 weeks: training +3.1 ± 2.7 mL/min/kg equals +24.3% vs. control −0.2 ± 2.3 mL/min/kg equals +0.9%, P < 0.001). Cardiac index (CI) at rest and during exercise, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, 6 min walking distance, quality of life, and exercise capacity significantly improved by exercise training.ConclusionLow-dose exercise training at 4–7 days/week significantly improved peak VO2/kg, haemodynamics, and further clinically relevant parameters. The improvements of CI at rest and during exercise indicate that exercise training may improve the right ventricular function. Further, large multicentre trials are necessary to confirm these results.
Background: Pneumococcal disease constitutes a major global health problem. Adults aged over 50 and younger adults with specific chronic health conditions are at risk for invasive pneumococcal disease, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. In Europe, two vaccine types are used in adults for pneumococcal immunization: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Aims:To provide an overview and to compare the national guidelines for pneumococcal immunization for adults in Europe. Sources:In November 2016, national guidelines on pneumococcal vaccination for adults of 31 European countries were obtained by Google search, the website of European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and contacting public health officials. In our analysis we distinguished between age-based and risk-based guidelines. In October 2017, we used the same method to retrieve guideline updates. Content:We observed great variability regarding age, risk groups, vaccine type and use of boosters. In age-based guidelines, vaccination is mostly recommended in adults aged over 65 using PPV23. Boosters are generally not recommended. An upper age limit for vaccination is reported in three countries. In the immunocompromised population, vaccination with both vaccines and administration of a booster is mostly recommended. In the population with chronic health conditions, there is more heterogeneity according vaccine type, sequence and administration of boosters. Asplenia is the only comorbidity for which all countries recommend vaccination. Implications: The great variability in European pneumococcal vaccination guidelines warrantsEuropean unification of the guidelines for better control of pneumococcal disease.
In patients with intermediate-risk PE without elevated cTnT, anticoagulation alone seems to be a safe regimen. The midterm prognosis of these patients is as good as the prognosis of patients with low-risk PE. In this cohort of patients with PE, beginning with a more conservative treatment strategy per se did not lead to an unfavourable outcome.
Die pulmonal arterielle Hypertonie (PAH; Gruppe 1 nach WHO) und die chronisch-thromboembolische Hypertonie (CTEPH; Gruppe 4 nach WHO) sind gekennzeichnet durch progrediente Belastungsdyspnoe, Müdigkeit, periphere Öde-me, und in fortgeschrittenen Stadien durch thorakales Druckgefühl und (Prä-)Synkopen bei Anstrengung [1]. PAH und inoperable CTEPH gehö-ren zu den chronischen Krankheiten und beeinflussen die Lebensqualität betroffener Patienten entscheidend, welche über Jahre mit dieser Krankheit leben.Dieser Übersichtsartikel widerspiegelt den aktuellen Wissenstand bezüglich der am häufigsten verwendeten Fragebögen zur Evaluation der allgemeinen (QoL) und der spezifischen subjektiven Krankheits-bzw. Gesundheits-bezogenen Lebensqualität ("Health-related quality of life" HRQOL). Lebensqualität ist ein für PH-Patienten relevanter Studienendpunkt ▼Alle neuen medikamentösen Therapieoptionen der PH konnten nur durch randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCT) etabliert werden [2]. Während bei den Phase-II-Studien als primärer Endpunkt invasiv gemessene hämodynamische Parameter verwendet wurden [3], stand traditionell der 6-Minuten-Gehtest (6MGT) als sogenannt "harter" klinischer Endpunkt für Phase-IIIStudien im Vordergrund, nicht zuletzt auch weil er von den Arzneimittelbehörden als der zu untersuchende primäre Outcome-Parameter betrachtet wurde. Dies war bei 17 von 23 in einer Meta-Analyse aufgeführten grundlegenden Studien der Fall [2]. Da eigentlich der einzige "harte" Endpunkt der Tod wäre, was in randomisierten kontrollierten Studien (RCT) dazu führen würde, dass tausende von Patienten eingeschlossen werden müssten, hat man sich auf die Verwendung eines kombinierten Endpunkts ("Composite Endpoint") geeinigt [3], nämlich die Zeit bis zur ersten klinischen Verschlechterung ("Time to Clinical Worsening" TCW). Doch auch dieser Endpunkt ist nicht unproblematisch, da er zusätzlich zum Tod auch die Notwendigkeit einer Hospitalisation und die klinische Verschlechterung des Patienten beinhaltet. Hospitalisationen werden je nach Zentrum oder Arzt unterschiedlich gehandhabt. Die klinische Verschlechterung beinhaltet wiederum als Parameter die Abnahme der Gehstrecke und/oder Funktionsklasse. Daher wird ein sogenanntes "Adjudication Committee" gefordert [4], das entscheidet, ob ein entsprechendes Ereignis auch wirklich als klinische Verschlechterung zu bewerten ist. Bei solchen Komitees spielt auch der kulturelle Hintergrund der Mitglieder eine Rolle.
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