Context: Macrophage, involved at all stages of immune response, is an important component of the host defense system. Polysaccharides exist almost ubiquitously in medical plants and most of them possess immunomodulation and macrophage activation properties. Objective: This study elucidates the effects on macrophage activation and molecular mechanism induced by the polysaccharides (SOPs) from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis Linne (Rosaceae). Materials and methods: Polysaccharides (SOPs) from the roots of S. officinalis were obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Physicochemical characterization of SOPs was analyzed by phenol-sulfuric acid, m-hydroxydiphenyl, Bradford method, and gas chromatography. Phagocytic capacity of RAW 264.7 macrophages incubated with SOPs (25 and 100 mg/ml) was determined by the aseptic neutral red method. Macrophages were incubated with SOPs (25 and 100 mg/ml), and the TNF-a and NO the secretion were measured using ELISA kit and Griess reagent, respectively. In addition, TNF-a and iNOS transcripts were evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and NF-kB signaling activation was detected by Western blot assay. Results: SOPs enhanced the phagocytosis capacity of macrophages to aseptic neutral red solution and increased TNF-a and NO secretion. The amounts of TNF-a and iNOS transcript were increased significantly at the mRNA level when macrophages were exposed to SOPs. Meanwhile, the stimulation of macrophages by SOPs induced phosphorylation of p65 at serine 536 and a marked decrease of IkB expression. Discussion and conclusion: These results suggested that SOPs exhibited significant macrophage activation properties through NF-kB signaling pathway and could be considered as a new immunopotentiator.

Context: P-selectin is a promising target for inflammatory-related diseases. Polysaccharides are the active ingredients of Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosaceae) responsible for its antiinflammatory activities; however, the molecular mechanism is not clear yet.Objective: This study evaluates the effects of polysaccharides (SOPs) from Sanguisorba officinalis on their antagonistic function against P-selectin-mediated leukocyte adhesion. Materials and methods:The antagonistic function of SOPs was investigated by flow cytometry and static adhesion assay at the concentrations of 25 and 100 mg/ml. The dynamic interaction between HL-60 cells and CHO-P cell monolayer treated with SOPs (25 and 100 mg/ml) was analyzed in a parallel plate flow chamber, and quantitatively calculated by ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD). In vitro protein binding assay was carried out to evaluate the blocking effects of SOPs (25 and 100 mg/ml) on the interaction between P-selectin and PSGL-1. Results: SOPs-treatment (100 mg/ml) significantly reduced the percentage of HL-60 cells binding to P-selectin (p50.01) determined by flow cytometry. In addition, SOPs (25 and 100 mg/ml) markedly blocked the adhesion between HL-60 cells and CHO-P cells under static condition, and the inhibitory rates reached 39.9% and 71.2%, respectively. Compared with the positive control group, SOPs-treatment (25 and 100 mg/ml) significantly reduced the percentage of HL-60 cells rolling on CHO-P cell monolayers by 43.5% and 75.2%, respectively. Protein binding assay showed the interaction between P-selectin and PSGL-1 was significantly blocked by SOPs. Discussion and conclusion: SOPs possess a significant antagonistic function against P-selectin-mediated leukocyte adhesion, and SOPs could be considered as a promising candidate for amelioration of inflammation-related diseases.

ABSTRACT* IT (information technology) was used in many fields, especially in the information flow from complex activities. In this paper, the information flow from innovation activities based on the double tutor system for undergraduates was discussed. The results showed that IT of the information flow was used in Tutorsystem activities and the information in these activities was sorted by individual information, team information, subject information and activities information. The management tree of information flow from innovation activities based on the double tutor system was constructed and information technologies including Excel table, Word document, video and audio were used in this practice.