Submerged Floating Tunnels (SFT) is a tubular structure that is submerged and floating in depth remains through the system of anchors consisting of a cable connected to the seabed. SFT structure imposed its own weight and is assisted by the buoyancy or uplift caused by water, cross sectin of the tunnel is designed so that buoyancy can overcome the structural weight and experienced a lift force that causes the floating structure. Fastening system (mooring system) also play a role which is to inhibit the SFT structure, minimize displacement and stress caused by environmental burden, such as earthquakes and hydrodynamic load that can aggravate the condition SFT structure in case of crossing the sea with SFT system. SFT will give a fairly small impact on the environment as it floated in the water, and with built using a modular system, the SFT (Submerged Floating Tunnels) can reach a distance long enough and does not cause pollution. Basically the same as the force that occurs archimides principle, where the objects are in the water to get a compressive force to the top. Cross sectional analysis SFT, will be modeled by 7 different models that have been in previous studies. The model's of SFT with steel cable to hold the structure in order to remain strong with the inclination selected. Analysis is done by modeling the triangle wiring configuration with different angle of incliflation cable. The analysis by comparing the test model were made earlier with prototype analyzed numerically. The expected structure did not undergo excessive deformation due to the environmental burden. Therefore, the structure of the SFT will be done with the Abaqus as finite element analysis. So, obvious deformation occurred in the cable. Therefore, it was expected to obtain the optimum angle of inclination was 54º.
ABSTRAK Penggunaan kolom komposit telah banyak digunakan di berbagai bangunan bangunan tinggi. Dan pada umumnya, Kolom komposit dibagi menjadi 2 macam, yaitu kolom komposit inside steel dan outside steel dengan struktur baja terbungkus oleh beton disebut dengan kolom inside steel atau bisa saja disebut Concrete Encased Column. Sedangkan untuk baja yang berisi beton disebut dengan kolom outside steel atau juga disebut Concrete Filled Column. Penggunaan struktur kolom komposit outside steel sebagai kolom utama dalam mendukung beban lateral pada struktur rangka bangunan belum lazim digunakan dalam perkembangan konstruksi saat ini. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan analisa kekuatan dari 2 macam kolom komposit agar diketahui jenis kolom komposit yang paling efektif dan memiliki kekuatan paling tinggi. Perhitungan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan perhitungan manual pada kolom komposit inside steel dan outside steel yang berbentuk kotak, sedangkan untuk perhitungan dengan menggunakan program CSICOL dilakukan pada seluruh kolom komposit. Hasil nilai ØPn dan ØMn kemudian dibandingkan antara perhitungan manual dengan program CSICOL. Hasil perhitungan menunjukan bahwa kemampuan kolom komposit outside steel lebih baik dibandingkan kolom komposit inside steel dengan menggunakan standar volume dari ukuran kolom komposit inside steel kotak 400x400 mm. Kolom komposit outside steel berbentuk bundar dengan diameter 431 mm lebih unggul sebesar 17 % dalam menahan gaya aksial nominal (ØPn) dibandingkan semua tipe kolom komposit yang lain. Sedangkan kolom komposit outside steel berbentuk kotak dengan ukuran 405.70x405.70 mm lebih unggul menahan momen nominal (ØMn) sebesar 10,5 % dibandingkan semua tipe kolom komposit yang lain.Kata kunci : kolom komposit; inside steel (concrete- encased column); outside steel (concrete-filled column)ABSTRACT The use of composite columns has been widely used in various high-rise buildings. Composite columns are generally divided into two types: composite columns inside steel and outside steel columns with a steel structure wrapped in concrete called an inside steel column (concrete encased column), while steel containing concrete is called an outside steel column (concrete-filled column). The use of a composite column structure outside steel as the main column in supporting lateral loads in the building frame structure is not yet commonly used in current construction developments. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the strengths of 2 types of composite columns to know which type of composite column is the most effective and has the highest strength. Calculations are performed using manual calculations on composite columns inside steel and outside steel in the form of a box, while calculations using the CSiCOL program are carried out on all composite columns. The results of the ØPn and ØMn values are then compared between manual calculations and the CSiCOL program. The calculation results show that the composite outside steel column's ability is better than the inside steel composite column by using a standard volume from the size of the composite column inside steel box 400x400 mm. The round composite outside steel column with a 431 mm diameter is 17% superior in withstanding nominal axial force (ØPn) than all other composite column types. While the outside steel composite column in the form of a box with a size of 405.70x405.70 mm is superior to withstand the little moment (ØMn) by 10.5% compared to all other types of composite columns.
Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan, serta dilewati oleh sungai-sungai di setiap pulaunya. Jembatan memiliki peranan yang penting di Indonesia, jembatan bentang panjang maupun bentang pendek yang menghubungkan antar pulau maupun dengan hambatan sungai telah banyak dibangun di Indonesia. Penelitian ini fokus pada Perencanaan Jembataan dengan menggunakan sistem busur baja yang mengandung nilai seni, selain memiliki struktur yang kuat, jembatan ini juga memiliki nilai estetika yang tinggi. Jembatan Sumber Sari, yang terletak di Kutai Barat, Kalimantan Timur memiliki bentang 82 m dengan 2 lajur kendaraan masing-masing selebar 4 m. Jembatan ini merupakan Jembatan bentang Panjang. Tahap awal perencanaan adalah perencanaan bangunan atas yang terdiri dari lantai kendaraan dan trotoar, gelagar memanjang dan gelagar melintang, kemudian konstruksi pemikul utama. Analisa dengan menggunakan program SAP 2000 dilakukan setelah dketahui beban – beban yang bekerja pada konstruksi tersebut untuk mendapatkan gaya – gaya dalam yang bekerja, khususnya untuk konstruksi pemikul utama dan konstruksi sekundernya. Setelah gaya – gaya tersebut diketahui besarnya maka dilakukan perhitungan kontrol tegangan dan perhitungan sambungan. Untuk struktur bangunan bawah direncanakan abutment (kepala jembatan) dengan pondasi tiang pancang.
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