Objective: To evaluate enuresis-induced antiepileptic drugs in children. Data Sources: A PubMed search (1917 to July 2020) was performed using the following keywords and associated medical subject headings: antiepileptic drugs, enuresis, pediatric population, drug-induced enuresis, and epilepsy. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The search was conducted to find the role of antiepileptic drugs–induced enuresis in children in studies published in English. Data Synthesis: Enuresis or bedwetting is an underreported adverse drug reaction of antiepileptic drugs. Owing to that fact, it is a condition that is outgrown with age and also could cause embarrassment. As antiepileptic drugs sometimes need to be taken for a long duration until epilepsy relapses, the occurrence of enuresis in this situation can be troublesome for both the child and the caretaker. Even though enuresis is proposed to have a significant effect on the child’s psychology, it is still considered to be a condition that is outgrown with age. This article includes a review of antiepileptic drugs reported to have caused enuresis in children. Conclusions: If a child develops enuresis as an adverse drug reaction, this adds further challenges to their life. A better understanding of this potential adverse effect may help prevent unwanted stress. Though the exact mechanisms are not known, the hypothesis generated is from the occurred cases, most of which relapsed when the drug was withdrawn. Considering the gravity of epilepsy in children, more detailed studies need to be conducted on this adverse effect to ensure a safe and effective treatment in children.

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Our findings suggest that pre-treatment with the combination of RSV and DIM protects effectively from the ionizing radiation-induced damage at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels by counteracting both the direct and indirect effects.

Introduction: Use of plants as a source of medicine has been inherited and is an important component of the health care system. Plants are a good source of biologically active compounds known as phytochemicals. The search for anticancer agents from plant sources started in 1950s with the discovery and development of vinca alkaloids, vincristine and vinblastine and the isolation of cytotoxic podophyllotoxin. Many chemotherapeutic agents are avilable their usage is limited due to development of side effects. Recent research demonstrates that plant based phytonutrients are effective in combating the incidence of carcinogenesis. So the purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between breast cancer and chemopreventive effect of bark of Albizia lebbeck benth to protect against NMU induced mammary cancer in female spraque- dawley rats, and would foster further studies that could ultimately lead to prevention and therapy for breast cancer. Materials and methods: Virgin Female Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into 5 groups (n=6). Thirty days before the induction of tumor the animals were treated with extracts. At the end of the 30th day tumor was induced by administrating NMU (50 mg/ kg i.p) was induced by single i.p injection, and then the treatment is continued up to a period of 120 days. At the end of the 120th day the animals were sacrificed through cervical decapitation, the mammary tumors were excised out and various parameters were studied such as tumor incidence, tumor burden, tumor volume, tumor weight and tumor latency. Also immunohistochemistry and histopathology were performed. Result: The i.p administration of NMU to the rats showed significant decrease in the body weight compared to normal control rats. After the administration of methanolic extract of Albizia lebbeck benth at different doses showed considerable prevention of weight loss when compared to NMU control rats. Also,in treated groups tumor incidence and tumor burden was decreased and tumor latency got increased. In addition histopathological studies supported significant decrease in formation of infiltrating duct carcinoma in mammory tissue sections. Conclusion: In the present study, methanolic extract of Albizia lebbeck benth showed protective effect against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced breast cancer.

Cigarette is a mixture of chemicals in which the major component is nicotine. Nicotine results in addiction and its effects are initiated by damaging lipids, activating oxidative sensitive pathways, DNA and other components of the cell. Long-term use of cigarettes causes both stimulatory and inhibitory responses of various cells involved in the secretion of chemokines and cytokines which are known inflammatory markers. In the smoke, particulate phases of cigarettes and smoke consumption causes oxidative/nitrosative stress leads to various diseases. Previous findings from cigarette smoke intake show stimulatory effect by increasing cytokines inside the immune cells and also suppression of immune cells by decreasing the production of cytokines from T-cells which was due to oxidative stress by a generation of ROS and RNS, leads to chronic inflammation. This review provides recent findings from cigarette smoke exposure in experimental animals, mainly smoke-associated free radical-mediated lipids auto-oxidation, nitric oxide-mediated cerebral blood flow, regulation of heme oxygenase, neurokinin (NKR-1) receptors, metalloproteinases (MMPs), and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These were found to be few targets in the antigen-presenting cells that are involved in invading foreign micro-organisms which are affected by cigarette smoke and they can be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in lung cancer and other tobacco-associated diseases.