Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC., popularly known as davana, has gained considerable attention because of its unique fragrance, high economic value, and pharmacological properties. The compositional complexity of davana essential oil (DO) has been a challenge for quality control. In this study, the chemical profile of DO was developed using polarity‐based fractionation and a combination of gas chromatographic (GC‐FID), hyphenated chromatographic (GC/MS), and spectroscopic (Fourier‐Transform Infra‐Red, 1D, 2D‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) techniques. The analysis led to the identification of ninety‐nine compounds. Major components of the DO were cis‐davanone (D3, 53.0 %), bicyclogermacrene (6.9 %), trans‐ethyl cinnamate (4.9 %), davana ether isomer (3.4 %), spathulenol (2.8 %), cis‐hydroxy davanone (2.4 %), and trans‐davanone (2.1 %). The study led to identifying several co‐eluting novel minor components, which could help determine the authenticity of DO. The rigorous column‐chromatography led to the isolation of five compounds. Among these, bicyclogermacrene, trans‐ethyl cinnamate, and spathulenol were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods for the first time from DO. Pharmacological profile revealed that the treatment of DO and D3 inhibited the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary macrophages without any cytotoxic effect after administration of their effective concentrations. The result of this study indicates the suitability of DO and D3 for further investigation for the treatment of chronic skin inflammatory conditions.

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Rutin (3,3',4' 5,7-pentahydroxy avone-3-rhamnoglucoside) is a avonoid glycoside, found in many edible plants such as buckwheat and berries. Rutin as a food supplement is recommended for the treatment of various diseases, which directed us to investigate its valuable effects in malaria induced pathogenesis. In the present study, Rutin was tested for its anti-plasmodial activity against chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains (NF-54 and K1) of Plasmodium falciparum and studied for its anti-oxidative and antiin ammatory potential against LPS stimulated macrophage cells. In vitro observations were further validated using an in-vivo physiological rodent model of Plasmodium berghei-induced malaria pathogenesis. Rutin was also tested for its effect in combination with chloroquine.Rutin was found to have potent anti-plasmodial activity against both chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of P. falciparum (NF-54 and K1). It was able to reduce the oxidative stress induced by LPS in macrophage cells with decreased production of pro-in ammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β). Rutin was found to signi cantly suppress the parasitaemia, increase the mean survival time and restored the haemoglobin and glucose level in in vivo assays. This was corroborated by reduced production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and pro-in ammatory mediators in rutin treated mice in P.berghei-induced malaria pathogenesis. Interestingly, the combination of rutin with chloroquine had shown synergy in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The ndings of the present study thus highlighted the suitability of rutin for further study in the management of drug resistant malaria, alone or in combination with other compounds.

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