In conclusion, the Rohu (Labeo rohita) fish species were found to contain higher concentrations of bone fluoride. Fluoride determined in fish flesh was also high in concentration 2.28 ppm. Among the regular food items, rava dosa (a thin and crispy crepe made from rava and rice flour) preparation has a higher level of fluoride. These values would provide valid information regarding the future development of recommended dietary allowance strategy for a population.

BACKGROUND Fluoride ion-releasing Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) materials are effective in the prevention of secondary caries. Hence, we have developed new and cost-effective ARTs. The objective of this study is to assess the fluoride releasing capacity of two newly developed Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Deionized water and freshly prepared artificial saliva were employed to estimate the level of fluoride ion released by two newlydeveloped atraumatic restorative treatment materials (ART-I and ART-II). The release of fluoride anion (F-) released at time-points of 1.0, 24, 168, 360, 720 and 1,440 hrs. were monitored by using an F-Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) in both media. Statistical analysis was performed using a fixed-effects ANOVA model, together with polynomial and logistic regression approaches. RESULTS Fluoride release in deionized water: The mean Freleased from ART-I material was 9.8 ppm after 1 hr., which increased to a maximum of 40.5 ppm after 168 hrs. However, the Freleased by the ART-II material was 15.7 ppm after 1.0 hr. and 52.7 ppm at the 168 hrs. time-point. Fluoride release in artificial saliva: Freleased from the ART-I material was found to be 6.5 ppm after 1.0 hr. and 48.0 ppm at 168 hrs. For ART-II, the Freleased was 16.12 ppm after 1 hr. a value increasing to a maximum of 35.0 ppm at 168 hrs. CONCLUSION Both the ART-I and II biomaterials were found to release Fthroughout the physiologically-relevant study time-periods incorporated within the experimental design.

BACKGROUND This in vitro experimental study investigated and compared the physical properties of three newly developed atraumatic restorative treatment materials. MATERIALS AND METHODSAtraumatic Restorative Treatment materials (ART) with three different compositions were prepared by varying the percentage of Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract within the materials. Micro-hardness, compressive strength, marginal adaptation to tooth structure of the atraumatic restorative treatment materials were assessed. Statistical Analysis Used-Data was analysed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's Highly Significant Difference (HSD), Scheffe's tests were conducted to assess the level of significance of differences between mean values in post-hoc testings. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Settings and Design-Samples were prepared in the Department of Oral Biology and Genomic Studies, AB Shetty Dental College and experiments were conducted in NITK, Surathkal. RESULTSThe micro-hardness of ART-I was found to be 21.1 -25.8 VHN, whilst ART-II showed values between 13.2 -16.3 VHN. The compressive strengths of ART-I and II were 38.2 -56 and 43.3 -61 MPa respectively. The micro-hardness of the ART-III was from 35.3 -36.4 VHN. However, the compressive strength of ART-III was 31.2 -38 MPa. Micro-hardness was recorded as significantly high when compared between the groups (P < 0.0001). Although, there were no significant differences in compressive strengths between the ART-I and ART-II materials (P > 0.05), the compressive strength of ART-III was significantly greater than those of the ART-I and II (P < 0.05). No marginal gap was observed between the walls of the cavities in extracted teeth and restorative ART-II, whereas these were found when employing the ART-I and III products. CONCLUSIONThe ART-II product evaluated physical properties consistent with promising Atraumatic Restorative Treatment materials, unlike the ART-I and III.